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树突棘是兴奋性突触的主要突触后结构基础,其数量与形态受神经电活动调控,并在整个生命过程中呈现复杂且有序的动态变化。树突棘的动态变化在神经环路的形成和精确化修剪中扮演重要的角色,该过程的异常可导致孤独症谱系障碍、精神分裂症等神经系统疾病。主要综述了近年来关于树突棘形态与数量动态变化的研究工作,包括发育早期的树突棘发生和青春期的树突棘修剪。在此基础上,还简要阐述了介导树突棘动态变化的信号分子,讨论了其与神经系统疾病的关联,并提出了该领域尚未解决的一些问题。
Dendritic spines are the main post-synaptic structure of excitatory synapses. The number and shape of dendritic spines are regulated by neural and electrical activities and present complex and orderly dynamic changes throughout the life process. Dynamic changes of dendritic spines play an important role in the formation of neural circuits and precise pruning. The abnormalities of the process can lead to diseases of the nervous system such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. In this paper, the recent researches on the dynamic changes of morphology and quantity of dendritic spines are reviewed, including the occurrence of dendritic spine in early development and the pruning of dendritic spine in adolescence. On this basis, the signal molecules that mediate the dynamic changes of dendritic spines are also briefly described, their association with nervous system diseases is discussed, and some unsolved problems in this field are also proposed.