民族学是以民族为研究对象的一门学科,它研究民族共同体的发生、发展及其消亡的规律。民族学作为一门独立的学科是19世纪中叶在西方最先进的资本主义国家中发展起来的,随着资本主义向帝国主义阶段发展,西方民族学各种学派相应出现,由最早的进化学派,到19世纪末至20世纪40年代出现的许多反进化论流派,如传播学派、历史学派、社会学派、功能学派、心理学派等。马克思和恩格斯依据大量的民族学资料,运用辩证 Ethnology is a discipline that takes the nation as its research object, and studies the occurrence, development and disappearance of the ethnic community. As an independent discipline, ethnology was developed in the most advanced capitalist countries in the west in the mid-19th century. With the development of imperialism to capitalism, various schools of western ethnology emerged correspondingly. From the earliest schools of evolution, Many anti-evolutionist schools emerged from the late 19th century to the 1940s, such as communication schools, history schools, social schools, functional schools and psychologists. Marx and Engels use dialectic based on a great deal of ethnographic data