在民主和法治国家,公共决策是透明的,制度留给利益集团逐利的空间极为有限,社会对执政者惩罚的承诺是可信的。因此,利益集团影响政策制定的能力是被严格约束的。而且,各利益集团具有平等的机会,形成相互制约的均势。统治集团能实行歧视和剥夺政策,或者是因为它拥有绝对暴力优势;或者是因为它采取分而治之策略,瓦解了社会其他集团的结盟;或者是因为它收买了某一强势集团,两者联合起来压迫社会其他成员。在斯大林时代的苏联和毛泽东时代的中国,之所以通过剥夺和歧视农民的方式推进工业化,是因为它恰好契合了当时政策制定者的意识形态。 In democratic and law-governed countries, public decision-making is transparent. There is only a very limited space left for profit-making interest groups. The society’s commitment to the ruling party’s punishment is credible. Therefore, the ability of interest groups to influence policy formulation is strictly controlled. Moreover, all interest groups have equal opportunities to form mutually restraining balances. The dominant group can practice discrimination and deprivation of policy either because it has the absolute superiority of violence; because it adopts a divide-and-conquer strategy that disrupts the alliance of other social groups; or because it has bought a powerful group that coalesces with oppression Other members of society. In the Stalin era, the Soviet Union and Mao Zedong era, China adopted the principle of depriving and discriminating peasants of industrialization because it exactly matched the ideology of the policy makers at that time.