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古今中外的学者们在解释孟子性善论时,自觉或不自觉地建立了多种解释模式,大体有心善说、善端说、向善说、可善说、有善说、人禽说、天命说、总体说等8种。心善说认为孟子所谓的“性善”指心善;善端说认为性善指人性有善端;向善说认为性善指人性有向善趋势;可善说认为性善指人性可以为善;有善说指人性中有善(不排除也有恶);人禽说认为性善指人性相对于兽性为善;天命说认为性善指天命之性为善;总体说认为性善指人性从总体上为善。与此同时,孟子的后世解释者往往先预设了性善论建立于某种判断之上,然后对性善论展开讨论或批判,他们所预设的判断类型有如下5组10种:(1)先天判断/后天判断;(2)本质判断/特征判断;(3)全称判断/特称判断;(4)比较判断/总体判断;(5)价值判断/事实判断等。先天判断认为性善指人的先天属性为善,后天判断认为性善指人的后天属性为善;本质判断认为性善指人的本质属性为善,特征判断认为性善指人的现象特征为善;全称判断认为性善指人性全部内容皆善,特称判断认为性善指人性部分内容为善;总体判断从人性内部总体关系理解性善,比较判断从人性与禽兽比较关系理解性善;事实判断认为性善指人性事实上是善的,价值判断认为性善指人性依某价值标准是善的。这些判断类型中,特称判断、本质判断、总体判断、比较判断皆不排除人性中可能有恶,但仍可得出人性善的结论。本文在介绍这些解释模式和判断类型的同时也讨论了其优劣及问题,搞清这些对于全面总结前人解释孟子性善论的得失很有必要。
In the course of explaining Mencius’s theory of goodness and goodness, scholars at all times and in all countries have consciously or unconsciously established a variety of modes of explanation. They generally say that they are good at speaking, saying good things at the good, Say, generally speaking, 8 kinds. Good heart that Mencius so-called “goodness ” refers to the heart good; good to say that good refers to the good nature of human nature; good to say that goodness refers to the human nature has a good trend; good to say that goodness means that humanity can be good; Goodness refers to the goodness of humanity (not excluding evil); poultry said that goodness refers to human nature relative to animal benevolence; the fate of that goodness refers to the nature of goodness of destiny; generally speaking of humanity is generally good for humanity . At the same time, Mencius’s later interpreters tend to presuppose that the theory of goodness is based on a certain judgment and then discuss or criticize the theory of goodness. The types of judgment they prescribe are as follows: (1) (2) Intrinsic Judgment / Feature Judgment; (3) Full Judgment / Special Judgment; (4) Comparative Judgment / Overall Judgment; (5) Value Judgment / Fact Judgment. The innate judgments that the goodness refers to the innate nature of people as good, the day after tomorrow that goodness refers to people’s acquired nature is good; the nature of judgments that the nature of human nature is good, the characteristics of judgments that the characteristics of good people refer to the characteristics of good; full name to judge Think that goodness refers to all the content of humanity are good, especially that the judge said that goodness refers to the human part of the content is good; overall judgments from the internal relations of human nature to understand the good, more judging from the relationship between human beings and animals to understand the relationship between good; fact judging that the good refers to humanity fact Is good, value judgments that goodness means that humanity is good according to a value standard. Among these types of judgments, the special judgment, the intrinsic judgment, the overall judgment and the comparative judgment do not exclude the possibility of evil in human nature, but the conclusion that human nature is good can still be obtained. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these modes of interpretation and their types of judgments, and makes it clear that these are necessary to fully summarize the gains and losses of Mencius’s good nature theory.