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低氧血症是外科患者术后常见并发症，严重者可危及患者生命。氧疗是处理低氧血症患者最常用且有效的方法，鉴于常规氧疗（conventional oxygen therapy, COT）并不能有效预防低氧血症，故应提倡更有效的无创呼吸支持治疗以防治围手术期低氧血症，但相关规范并不完善。近期，欧洲麻醉学会（European Society of Anaesthesiology, ESA）与欧洲重症监护医学会（European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, ESICM）联合发布《围手术期低氧血症患者无创呼吸支持治疗的ESA/ESICM联合指南》，涵盖五大临床问题，并对COT、经鼻高流量氧疗（high flow nasal cannula, HFNC）、无创正压通气（noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, NIPPV）和持续气道正压（continuous positive airway pressure, CPAP）的有效性进行比较和推荐，共给出19条具体建议。该指南对指导临床正确选用无创呼吸支持治疗提供了重要依据，对有效治疗围手术期低氧血症具有重要意义。临床医师也应及早识别围手术期低氧血症的高危患者，术中积极实践肺保护性通气策略，以降低患者肺部并发症风险，从而预防围手术期低氧血症。“,”Hypoxemia is a common postoperative complication in surgical patients and can be life-threatening in severe cases. Oxygen therapy is the most commonly used and effective method to treat hypoxemic patients. With respect to the unsatisfied effects of routine oxygen therapy (COT) on preventing hypoxemia, more effective non-invasive respiratory support is recommended to prevent and treat perioperative hypoxia. However, related guidelines require to be improved. Recently, the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) jointly issued “Noninvasive Respiratory Support in the Hypoxaemic Peri-operative/Periprocedural Patient: A Joint ESA/ESICM Guideline” . The guideline covers five types of clinical questions and compares the effectiveness of COT, high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), with a total of 19 recommendations. This guideline provides important evidence for correct selection of noninvasive respiratory support in clinical setting, which is essential for effective treatment of perioperative hypoxemia. Clinicians should also identify high-risk patients for perioperative hypoxemia in early stages and actively perform lung protective ventilation strategies during surgery, so as reduce the risk of pulmonary complications to prevent perioperative hypoxemia.