一、辩证唯物主义与阶级斗争当马克思还是一个大学生的时候,他已经掌握了黑格尔的辩证法。他在同普鲁士书报检查制度进行斗争之后,便转向了对黑格尔《法哲学》的批判。后来,他描述了他如何通过那些研究终于“得出了一个结论:法的关系连同国家的形式既不能通过它们自身去加以理解,也不能用所谓的人类精神的过程加以解释,它们植根于物质生活条件……不是人们的意识决定他们的存在,正相反,他们的社会存在决定他们的意识。” I. Dialectical Materialism and Class Struggle When Marx was still a college student, he had mastered Hegelian dialectics. After he struggled with the Prussian newspaper inspection system, he turned to criticizing Hegel's “legal philosophy.” Later, he described how he, through those studies, finally “came to the conclusion that the relations of law, together with the forms of the state, can neither be understood by themselves nor can they be explained by so-called human-spiritual processes rooted in Physical living conditions ... It is not people's consciousness that determines their existence; on the contrary, their social existence determines their consciousness. ”