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马克思的方法论深具特色,把握它是理解马克思的实质学说的必要途径。研究对象与所用的方法关系密切,马克思政治经济学的研究对象是“资本主义的生产关系或社会关系”。马克思的研究方法是从具体对象着手,渐及于抽象的概念;透过对象的表现形式(表象),以揭示对象的本质,从部分入手,以求掌握整体。其表述或铺陈的程序则是从(真实的)具体紬绎得到抽象概念,再以抽象概念重建(思维的)具体;掌握本质之后,进行由本质而表象、由里及表,以及由部分而整体的重建,其进行的方式主要乃回溯推理法。实践观是马克思的方法论的一大特色。“实践”是概念与实在、理论与历史以及研究者与研究对象之间的中介,借此上述三种区分可以有互动和转化。
Marx’s methodology is profound and it is necessary to grasp it as an understanding of Marx’s substantive theory. The object of study is closely related to the method used. The object of study of Marxist political economy is “the production relations or social relations of capitalism.” Marx’s research method is to proceed from the concrete object, gradually to the abstract concept; through the object’s manifestation (appearance), in order to reveal the essence of the object, starts from the part, in order to grasp the whole. The expression or lay-out procedure is to abstract the concept from the (real) concrete context and reconstruct (the thinking) concretely with the abstract concept. After grasping the essence, we can do the work from the nature and the appearance, from and from the table, The overall reconstruction, the main way to go back to reasoning. The concept of practice is a major feature of Marx’s methodology. “Practice ” is the intermediary between concept and reality, theory and history, and between researcher and research object, so that the above three kinds of distinction can interact and transform.