论文部分内容阅读
一、單项填空（共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）
1. A booksharing program is to take off， where customers can borrow up to two books for free after paying 99 yuan online as the .
A. deposit B. expense
C. allowance D. commission
2. —Amanda has been in depression since she failed in landing a job several times.
—Yes， she is too .
A. dynamic B. stubborn
C. delicate D. considerate
3. Adolescent issues， campus bullying is more common and severe， should be solved by people from all walks of life.
A. whose B. which
C. of which D. of whose
4. Picky eaters are unwilling to try new foods， which experts think， can be the result of your DNA and your upbringing.
A. vaguely B. typically
C. literally D. seemingly
5. Parents in China spend it takes to give their kids an edge， but sometimes they just blindly follow a trend and overschedule their children.
A. whatever B. whichever
C. however D. whenever
6. To some charity volunteers， sometimes it is hard to between real and pretended cases of poverty， which makes their work inefficient.
A. clarify B. discriminate
C. identify D. accommodate
7. Much of the money for the reconstruction of the quakestricken town has been allocated by the government， the rest from the coming charity concerts.
A. to be collected B. having been collected
C. being collected D. to have been collected
8. The Nobel Prize winner is going to talk about the geography of his country， but Id rather he more on its economics.
A. focus B. focused
C. would focus D. had focused
9. Its very wise of the manager to experienced workers green hands in the assembly line.
A. substitute； for B. substitute； with
C. replace； by D. replace； with
10. Although the Romans couldnt be forced to pay taxes， they couldnt vote they agreed to to the government.
A. until； correspond B. when； resign
C. unless； submit D. while； compromise
11. It was the middle of the night the priest knocked every door and told them about the war.
A. that B. as
C. which D. when
12. The Five 5pointed stars in the Chinese National Flag the importance of the number five in Chinese philosophy.
A. reflect B. underline
C.symbolize D. explode
13. An Introduction to Comparative Literature is a course for the students majoring in Chinese language and literature. A. fundamental B. arbitrary
C. concrete D. compulsory
14. —The hurricane to reach the coast tomorrow morning.
—If so， wed better make full preparations for it.
A. is predicting B. has predicted
C. is predicted D. will be predicted
15. —Im sorry. I didnt accomplish the job on time.
—Thats all right. Everyone sometimes. Just finish the rest when you feel well.
A. sits on the fence
B. has butterflies in his stomach
C. feels under the weather
D. throws good money after bad
二、完形填空（共20小題；每小题1分，满分20分）
I accidentally uncovered a new perspective when I was 12 years old. After an uncomfortable night of the train travel to Brazil， I 16 the window shade beside my seat， and 17 entered the quiet train. As I looked at Sao Paulo， a sense of fresh curiosity 18 my sleepy thoughts. A particular man 19 me. He was bicycling along the street， and my imagination 20 took me into his world. I 21 I was in his body， seeing and feeling the world from where he was 22 . Looking at the city from that mans perspective that morning made me seriously wonder about each individuals personal world.
I found that putting myself in the shoes of this 23 for a moment was so 24 that it gradually evolved into a frequent 25 . In one case， I imagined how it would feel to be in my friend Yadiras shoes， who was twentyfive years old at the time I was fifteen. Through her 26 ， I probably seemed much younger than I personally felt at the time， and she might feel superior to me. This was because she had already experienced adolescence and those 27 played an important role in her perspective of life. In another 28 ， when imaging my nineyearold sister Sophias world， I appeared quite mature， 29 she had not experienced anything 30 elementary school and the age of fifteen seemed so distant to her inexperienced mind. I 31 to acknowledge that each person has to 32 with his or her own worries， and possesses different personal experiences， which 33 his or her view of the world.
Viewing things from others perspectives never 34 me. Every time I do that， I could learn a lot. Being aware of various perspective 35 me to better understand and respect each person I come across.
16. A. swung B. searched
C. crossed D. lifted
17. A. air B. wind
C. light D. water
18. A. awakened B. read
C. disturbed D. attracted
19. A. influenced B. absorbed
C. surprised D. hit 20. A. gradually B. instantly
C. equally D. finally
21. A. imagined B. knew
C. mentioned D. agreed
22. A. employed B. located
C. approached D. instructed
23. A. neighbour B. friend
C. stranger D. tourist
24. A. relaxing B. amusing
C. confusing D. fascinating
25. A. feature B. celebration
C. practice D. request
26. A. memories B. eyes
C. constructions D. words
27. A. relationships B. experiences
C. benefits D. courses
28. A. case B. story
C. trip D. place
29. A. but B. though
C. so D. because
30. A. within B. around
C. beyond D. through
31. A. learn B. tend
C. happen D. continue
32. A. play B. wrestle
C. agree D. compare
33. A. obtain B. shape
C. check D. express
34. A. hurts B. frightens
C. bores D. upsets
35. A. forces B. arranges
C. helps D. warns
三、閱读理解（共15小题，每题2分，满分30分）
A
Volunteer in Costa Rica
United Planet is looking for volunteers to help and experience life in Costa Rica.
Project Information：
Global Health
It is great for volunteers with a background in psychology. Volunteers work in homes for the Elderly， providing recreation and special attention. Some of these centers care for the elderly during the day， while others provide the residents with a place to live full time. Possible tasks for volunteers include keeping residents company， helping with cleaning and cooking， and assisting in medical care. Please note that participation in medical tasks will be very limited.
Minimum Stay： 4 weeks
Requirements： At least 18 years old， intermediate Spanish
Children and Education
Volunteers care for children in day care centers， childrens homes， and a childrens hospital. Other volunteer opportunities include assisting teachers at public schools and working at a special education school.
Included in your application fees：
● In a local family or the volunteer cabin
● Three homecooked meals per day
● 2day orientation in San Jose
● 6 hours of Spanish lessons
● A city tour of San Jose
● Online predeparture training with our Boston Staff
● Incountry airport transportation
● Emergency medical and travel insurance
● 24/7 incountry support and supervision ● A United Planet Tshirt
36. What can we infer from the passage？
A. Global Health volunteers have to live with the elderly full time.
B. Global Health volunteers will mainly keep the elderly entertained.
C. The Children and Education project doesnt just mean teaching children.
D. The Children and Education project requires a stay of at least four weeks.
37. Which of the following is not included in the application fees？
A. Local accommodation.
B. Basic training in Spanish.
C. Emergency medical insurance.
D. Airport transportation to Costa Rica.
B
Frauds play complex psychological tricks to fool others， says Colin Barras and that means anyone can be cheated unless they know what to look for.
None of us likes to be cheated， and David Modic has done some researches on it. Its the personal passion that has convinced Modic to study the psychology of cheating. He s not alone：the field is thriving， and the information that researchers are uncovering is valuable to us all—from those single in search of love to the technology wizards in charge of the worlds online security.
Modic is particularly interested in what makes people easy to fraud. Its common to imagine that only the foolish or poorly educated might fall victim—but even hard evidence suggests this is not the case. Take Paul Frampton， an Oxbridge educated academic professor of physics for example. In 2012 Frampton was given almost 5 years in prison for drug smuggling in Argentina， after falling victim to an online dating frauds.And then theres John Worley. As a psychotherapist， Worley knows more than most of us about controlling lifes right ways. But in 2005 he was put on trial for bank fraud after becoming a victim of a fraud. This fraud sees people contacted by someone claiming to be a Nigerian government official appealing for help moving large sums of money out of the country—who just requires a little money upfront to release the fortune. Worley was found guilty and sentenced to two years in prison.
Intelligent and experience offer no protection against cheaters，says Modic. “If it did， then better educated people and older people would be less likely to fall for scams.And that is not supported by my research.”
To look for answers to that question， Modic and Frank Stajano have quizzed thousands of people， asking them first whether they think various frauds are reasonable—and whether they have fallen victim to them—before asking them to perform a personality test. The research has identified a number of characteristics that people who are victims of frauds seem to have in common.Some of these traits—like a lack of selfcontrol—we would probably recognize as dangerous. But others—a trust in authority， a desire to act in the same way as our friends， or a tendency to act in a consistent way—we might think of as good characteristics. 38. According to the passage， the frauds may .
A. highly threaten the worlds online security
B. play their tricks in a consistent way
C. receive much education of psychology
D. have high intelligence to help cheating
39. Paragraph 3 mainly tells us that .
A. who and what makes people easy to fraud
B. all walks of life would be likely to fall for scams
C. the poorly educated may be easier to be cheated
D. government officials should be responsible for frauds
40. Modic and Frank Stajanos researches find out that the victims .
A. often follow friends actions
B. also share good characteristics
C. are considered to be dangerous
D. shouldnt have a trust in authority
C
Its well established that people with low economic status are the hardest hit by the current obesity pandemic， as well as related health problems such as diabetes. Poor healthcare， stress， unhealthy lifestyles， and a lot of cheap junk food are all thought to play a role. But a new study suggests theres a subconscious component， too.
When researchers merely led study volunteers to consider themselves lowclass， they were more likely to prefer， choose， and eat larger amounts of food， as well as highercalorie foods. The findings， published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences， reflect whats been seen in a variety of animals. Thus， the authors assume that the mental problem may be an evolutionary holdover intended to improve survival by compensating for a lack of social and material resources. More important for humans， the findings suggest that we may not be able to deal with obesity by just improving access to healthier foods and promoting exercise.
For the study， psychology researchers at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore drafted nearly 500 healthy participants for two experiments. In the first， the team had 101 participants complete a task in which they were shown a ladder with ten steps and told to select which step they were on relative to either a wealthy， welleducated， powerful person or a poor， uneducated， unimportant person. Next， the participants got to pick foods from an imagined buffet. Taking into account things like each participants normal eating pattern， hunger， and gender， the researchers found that those who ranked their social status lower chose more food and more highcalorie foods than those that ranked themselves as having a higher social status. In the other experiment， researchers gave 167 participants the same socioeconomic ranking task， then asked them to match high calorie foods （pizza， hamburgers， fried chicken） and low calories foods （vegetables and fruits） with either pleasant or unpleasant descriptors， such as tasty or nasty. Again， those who landed lower on the ladder had a tendency to prefer the highcalorie food.
“These findings suggest that the thought of low social standing may be critically linked to obesity risk via increased intake of calories，” the authors conclude. As such， the subjective experience of low social standing may be another barrier to improving health.
41. What does the author want to reveal in the first paragraph？
A. More and more people tend to suffer from diabetes.
B. Unhealthy lifestyles contribute to obesity pandemic.
C. Subconscious plays a part in causing obesity pandemic.
D. lowclass people are less likely to be affected by diabetes.
42. What is the possible link between lowclass people and animals？
A. Consumption of larger amounts of food results from desire for survival.
B. Lowclass people and animals are easily affected by mental disabilities.
C. Creatures consuming highercalorie foods consider themselves lowclass.
D. Humans and animals have both consumed much food during evolution.
43. How can humans deal with obesity completely according to the findings？
A. By carrying out the two experiments.
B. By adopting comprehensive approaches.
C. By accessing large amounts of healthy foods.
D. By getting involved in lots of physical exercise.
44. What does the underlined word “critically” in the last paragraph mean？
A. Loosely. B. Importantly.
C. Closely. D. Relatively.
45. The passage mainly intends to inform us that .
A. findings remain to be proved
B. obesity pandemic represents risks
C. low social standing ruins dignity
D. positive thoughts help stay in shape
D
Gamblers at Monte Carlo are pursuing money， and most of them lose it instead， but there are other ways of pursuing money， which often succeed. So it is with happiness. Epicurus， a Greek philosopher， pursued it by living only in pleasant society and eating only dry bread for the sake of his poor health， with a little cheese on feast days. His method proved successful in his case， but something more nutritious would be needed for most people， for whom the pursuit of happiness， unless supplemented in various ways， is too abstract and theoretical to be adequate as a personal rule of life. We imagine ourselves more different from the animals than we are. Animals live on impulse，and are happy as long as external conditions are favorable. A cat will enjoy life if it has food and warmth and opportunities for an occasional night on the roof. Your needs are more complex than those of a cat， but they still have their basis related to nature. In civilized societies， especially in Englishspeaking societies， this is too likely to be forgotten. People propose to themselves some topmost objective， and prevent all impulses that do not seem to serve it. A businessman may be so anxious to grow rich that he sacrifices health and private affections. When at last he has become rich， no pleasure remains to him except annoying other people by inspirations to imitate his noble example. Many rich ladies，although nature has not qualified them with any spontaneous pleasure in literature or art， decide to be thought cultured， and spend boring hours learning the right thing to say about fashionable new books that are written to give delight， not to afford opportunities for dusty snobbism.
If you look around at the men and women whom you can call happy， you will see that they all have certain things in common. The most important of these things is an activity which at most gradually builds up something that you are glad to see coming into existence. Women who take an instinctive pleasure in their children can get this kind of satisfaction out of bringing up a family. Artists and authors and men of science get happiness in this way if their own work seems good to them. Also， many men devote their weekends to voluntary and unpaid labor in their gardens， and when the spring comes， they experience all the joys of having created beauty.
The whole subject of happiness has， in my opinion， been treated too seriously. It had been thought that man cannot be happy without a theory of life or a religion. Perhaps those who have been led to unhappiness by a bad theory may need a better theory to help them to recovery， just as you may need a tonic when you have been ill. But when things are normal a man should be healthy without a tonic. It is the simple things that really matter. If a man delights in his wife and children， has success in work， and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night， spring and autumn， he will be happy whatever his philosophy may be. If， on the other hand， he finds his wife faithless， his childrens noise unbearable， and the office a nightmare； if in the daytime he longs for night， and at night sighs for the light of day， then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new lifestyle—a different diet， or more exercise， or what not.
1. A booksharing program is to take off， where customers can borrow up to two books for free after paying 99 yuan online as the .
A. deposit B. expense
C. allowance D. commission
2. —Amanda has been in depression since she failed in landing a job several times.
—Yes， she is too .
A. dynamic B. stubborn
C. delicate D. considerate
3. Adolescent issues， campus bullying is more common and severe， should be solved by people from all walks of life.
A. whose B. which
C. of which D. of whose
4. Picky eaters are unwilling to try new foods， which experts think， can be the result of your DNA and your upbringing.
A. vaguely B. typically
C. literally D. seemingly
5. Parents in China spend it takes to give their kids an edge， but sometimes they just blindly follow a trend and overschedule their children.
A. whatever B. whichever
C. however D. whenever
6. To some charity volunteers， sometimes it is hard to between real and pretended cases of poverty， which makes their work inefficient.
A. clarify B. discriminate
C. identify D. accommodate
7. Much of the money for the reconstruction of the quakestricken town has been allocated by the government， the rest from the coming charity concerts.
A. to be collected B. having been collected
C. being collected D. to have been collected
8. The Nobel Prize winner is going to talk about the geography of his country， but Id rather he more on its economics.
A. focus B. focused
C. would focus D. had focused
9. Its very wise of the manager to experienced workers green hands in the assembly line.
A. substitute； for B. substitute； with
C. replace； by D. replace； with
10. Although the Romans couldnt be forced to pay taxes， they couldnt vote they agreed to to the government.
A. until； correspond B. when； resign
C. unless； submit D. while； compromise
11. It was the middle of the night the priest knocked every door and told them about the war.
A. that B. as
C. which D. when
12. The Five 5pointed stars in the Chinese National Flag the importance of the number five in Chinese philosophy.
A. reflect B. underline
C.symbolize D. explode
13. An Introduction to Comparative Literature is a course for the students majoring in Chinese language and literature. A. fundamental B. arbitrary
C. concrete D. compulsory
14. —The hurricane to reach the coast tomorrow morning.
—If so， wed better make full preparations for it.
A. is predicting B. has predicted
C. is predicted D. will be predicted
15. —Im sorry. I didnt accomplish the job on time.
—Thats all right. Everyone sometimes. Just finish the rest when you feel well.
A. sits on the fence
B. has butterflies in his stomach
C. feels under the weather
D. throws good money after bad
二、完形填空（共20小題；每小题1分，满分20分）
I accidentally uncovered a new perspective when I was 12 years old. After an uncomfortable night of the train travel to Brazil， I 16 the window shade beside my seat， and 17 entered the quiet train. As I looked at Sao Paulo， a sense of fresh curiosity 18 my sleepy thoughts. A particular man 19 me. He was bicycling along the street， and my imagination 20 took me into his world. I 21 I was in his body， seeing and feeling the world from where he was 22 . Looking at the city from that mans perspective that morning made me seriously wonder about each individuals personal world.
I found that putting myself in the shoes of this 23 for a moment was so 24 that it gradually evolved into a frequent 25 . In one case， I imagined how it would feel to be in my friend Yadiras shoes， who was twentyfive years old at the time I was fifteen. Through her 26 ， I probably seemed much younger than I personally felt at the time， and she might feel superior to me. This was because she had already experienced adolescence and those 27 played an important role in her perspective of life. In another 28 ， when imaging my nineyearold sister Sophias world， I appeared quite mature， 29 she had not experienced anything 30 elementary school and the age of fifteen seemed so distant to her inexperienced mind. I 31 to acknowledge that each person has to 32 with his or her own worries， and possesses different personal experiences， which 33 his or her view of the world.
Viewing things from others perspectives never 34 me. Every time I do that， I could learn a lot. Being aware of various perspective 35 me to better understand and respect each person I come across.
16. A. swung B. searched
C. crossed D. lifted
17. A. air B. wind
C. light D. water
18. A. awakened B. read
C. disturbed D. attracted
19. A. influenced B. absorbed
C. surprised D. hit 20. A. gradually B. instantly
C. equally D. finally
21. A. imagined B. knew
C. mentioned D. agreed
22. A. employed B. located
C. approached D. instructed
23. A. neighbour B. friend
C. stranger D. tourist
24. A. relaxing B. amusing
C. confusing D. fascinating
25. A. feature B. celebration
C. practice D. request
26. A. memories B. eyes
C. constructions D. words
27. A. relationships B. experiences
C. benefits D. courses
28. A. case B. story
C. trip D. place
29. A. but B. though
C. so D. because
30. A. within B. around
C. beyond D. through
31. A. learn B. tend
C. happen D. continue
32. A. play B. wrestle
C. agree D. compare
33. A. obtain B. shape
C. check D. express
34. A. hurts B. frightens
C. bores D. upsets
35. A. forces B. arranges
C. helps D. warns
三、閱读理解（共15小题，每题2分，满分30分）
A
Volunteer in Costa Rica
United Planet is looking for volunteers to help and experience life in Costa Rica.
Project Information：
Global Health
It is great for volunteers with a background in psychology. Volunteers work in homes for the Elderly， providing recreation and special attention. Some of these centers care for the elderly during the day， while others provide the residents with a place to live full time. Possible tasks for volunteers include keeping residents company， helping with cleaning and cooking， and assisting in medical care. Please note that participation in medical tasks will be very limited.
Minimum Stay： 4 weeks
Requirements： At least 18 years old， intermediate Spanish
Children and Education
Volunteers care for children in day care centers， childrens homes， and a childrens hospital. Other volunteer opportunities include assisting teachers at public schools and working at a special education school.
Included in your application fees：
● In a local family or the volunteer cabin
● Three homecooked meals per day
● 2day orientation in San Jose
● 6 hours of Spanish lessons
● A city tour of San Jose
● Online predeparture training with our Boston Staff
● Incountry airport transportation
● Emergency medical and travel insurance
● 24/7 incountry support and supervision ● A United Planet Tshirt
36. What can we infer from the passage？
A. Global Health volunteers have to live with the elderly full time.
B. Global Health volunteers will mainly keep the elderly entertained.
C. The Children and Education project doesnt just mean teaching children.
D. The Children and Education project requires a stay of at least four weeks.
37. Which of the following is not included in the application fees？
A. Local accommodation.
B. Basic training in Spanish.
C. Emergency medical insurance.
D. Airport transportation to Costa Rica.
B
Frauds play complex psychological tricks to fool others， says Colin Barras and that means anyone can be cheated unless they know what to look for.
None of us likes to be cheated， and David Modic has done some researches on it. Its the personal passion that has convinced Modic to study the psychology of cheating. He s not alone：the field is thriving， and the information that researchers are uncovering is valuable to us all—from those single in search of love to the technology wizards in charge of the worlds online security.
Modic is particularly interested in what makes people easy to fraud. Its common to imagine that only the foolish or poorly educated might fall victim—but even hard evidence suggests this is not the case. Take Paul Frampton， an Oxbridge educated academic professor of physics for example. In 2012 Frampton was given almost 5 years in prison for drug smuggling in Argentina， after falling victim to an online dating frauds.And then theres John Worley. As a psychotherapist， Worley knows more than most of us about controlling lifes right ways. But in 2005 he was put on trial for bank fraud after becoming a victim of a fraud. This fraud sees people contacted by someone claiming to be a Nigerian government official appealing for help moving large sums of money out of the country—who just requires a little money upfront to release the fortune. Worley was found guilty and sentenced to two years in prison.
Intelligent and experience offer no protection against cheaters，says Modic. “If it did， then better educated people and older people would be less likely to fall for scams.And that is not supported by my research.”
To look for answers to that question， Modic and Frank Stajano have quizzed thousands of people， asking them first whether they think various frauds are reasonable—and whether they have fallen victim to them—before asking them to perform a personality test. The research has identified a number of characteristics that people who are victims of frauds seem to have in common.Some of these traits—like a lack of selfcontrol—we would probably recognize as dangerous. But others—a trust in authority， a desire to act in the same way as our friends， or a tendency to act in a consistent way—we might think of as good characteristics. 38. According to the passage， the frauds may .
A. highly threaten the worlds online security
B. play their tricks in a consistent way
C. receive much education of psychology
D. have high intelligence to help cheating
39. Paragraph 3 mainly tells us that .
A. who and what makes people easy to fraud
B. all walks of life would be likely to fall for scams
C. the poorly educated may be easier to be cheated
D. government officials should be responsible for frauds
40. Modic and Frank Stajanos researches find out that the victims .
A. often follow friends actions
B. also share good characteristics
C. are considered to be dangerous
D. shouldnt have a trust in authority
C
Its well established that people with low economic status are the hardest hit by the current obesity pandemic， as well as related health problems such as diabetes. Poor healthcare， stress， unhealthy lifestyles， and a lot of cheap junk food are all thought to play a role. But a new study suggests theres a subconscious component， too.
When researchers merely led study volunteers to consider themselves lowclass， they were more likely to prefer， choose， and eat larger amounts of food， as well as highercalorie foods. The findings， published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences， reflect whats been seen in a variety of animals. Thus， the authors assume that the mental problem may be an evolutionary holdover intended to improve survival by compensating for a lack of social and material resources. More important for humans， the findings suggest that we may not be able to deal with obesity by just improving access to healthier foods and promoting exercise.
For the study， psychology researchers at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore drafted nearly 500 healthy participants for two experiments. In the first， the team had 101 participants complete a task in which they were shown a ladder with ten steps and told to select which step they were on relative to either a wealthy， welleducated， powerful person or a poor， uneducated， unimportant person. Next， the participants got to pick foods from an imagined buffet. Taking into account things like each participants normal eating pattern， hunger， and gender， the researchers found that those who ranked their social status lower chose more food and more highcalorie foods than those that ranked themselves as having a higher social status. In the other experiment， researchers gave 167 participants the same socioeconomic ranking task， then asked them to match high calorie foods （pizza， hamburgers， fried chicken） and low calories foods （vegetables and fruits） with either pleasant or unpleasant descriptors， such as tasty or nasty. Again， those who landed lower on the ladder had a tendency to prefer the highcalorie food.
“These findings suggest that the thought of low social standing may be critically linked to obesity risk via increased intake of calories，” the authors conclude. As such， the subjective experience of low social standing may be another barrier to improving health.
41. What does the author want to reveal in the first paragraph？
A. More and more people tend to suffer from diabetes.
B. Unhealthy lifestyles contribute to obesity pandemic.
C. Subconscious plays a part in causing obesity pandemic.
D. lowclass people are less likely to be affected by diabetes.
42. What is the possible link between lowclass people and animals？
A. Consumption of larger amounts of food results from desire for survival.
B. Lowclass people and animals are easily affected by mental disabilities.
C. Creatures consuming highercalorie foods consider themselves lowclass.
D. Humans and animals have both consumed much food during evolution.
43. How can humans deal with obesity completely according to the findings？
A. By carrying out the two experiments.
B. By adopting comprehensive approaches.
C. By accessing large amounts of healthy foods.
D. By getting involved in lots of physical exercise.
44. What does the underlined word “critically” in the last paragraph mean？
A. Loosely. B. Importantly.
C. Closely. D. Relatively.
45. The passage mainly intends to inform us that .
A. findings remain to be proved
B. obesity pandemic represents risks
C. low social standing ruins dignity
D. positive thoughts help stay in shape
D
Gamblers at Monte Carlo are pursuing money， and most of them lose it instead， but there are other ways of pursuing money， which often succeed. So it is with happiness. Epicurus， a Greek philosopher， pursued it by living only in pleasant society and eating only dry bread for the sake of his poor health， with a little cheese on feast days. His method proved successful in his case， but something more nutritious would be needed for most people， for whom the pursuit of happiness， unless supplemented in various ways， is too abstract and theoretical to be adequate as a personal rule of life. We imagine ourselves more different from the animals than we are. Animals live on impulse，and are happy as long as external conditions are favorable. A cat will enjoy life if it has food and warmth and opportunities for an occasional night on the roof. Your needs are more complex than those of a cat， but they still have their basis related to nature. In civilized societies， especially in Englishspeaking societies， this is too likely to be forgotten. People propose to themselves some topmost objective， and prevent all impulses that do not seem to serve it. A businessman may be so anxious to grow rich that he sacrifices health and private affections. When at last he has become rich， no pleasure remains to him except annoying other people by inspirations to imitate his noble example. Many rich ladies，although nature has not qualified them with any spontaneous pleasure in literature or art， decide to be thought cultured， and spend boring hours learning the right thing to say about fashionable new books that are written to give delight， not to afford opportunities for dusty snobbism.
If you look around at the men and women whom you can call happy， you will see that they all have certain things in common. The most important of these things is an activity which at most gradually builds up something that you are glad to see coming into existence. Women who take an instinctive pleasure in their children can get this kind of satisfaction out of bringing up a family. Artists and authors and men of science get happiness in this way if their own work seems good to them. Also， many men devote their weekends to voluntary and unpaid labor in their gardens， and when the spring comes， they experience all the joys of having created beauty.
The whole subject of happiness has， in my opinion， been treated too seriously. It had been thought that man cannot be happy without a theory of life or a religion. Perhaps those who have been led to unhappiness by a bad theory may need a better theory to help them to recovery， just as you may need a tonic when you have been ill. But when things are normal a man should be healthy without a tonic. It is the simple things that really matter. If a man delights in his wife and children， has success in work， and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night， spring and autumn， he will be happy whatever his philosophy may be. If， on the other hand， he finds his wife faithless， his childrens noise unbearable， and the office a nightmare； if in the daytime he longs for night， and at night sighs for the light of day， then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new lifestyle—a different diet， or more exercise， or what not.