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关于三代的剥削形式,儒家经典《孟子》最早提出了一套体系,几千年来一直被研究中国早期剥削形态的学者奉为圭臬。近代以来,学者们虽产生了怀疑,但争论的焦点还主要是贡、助、彻的有无和三者孰先孰后的问题。本文对《孟子》中关于贡、助、彻的论述进行了系统的考辨,通过对比我们发现《孟子》关于三代剥削形式的论述是出于作者的理想,是对当时遗留的现实因素的理想化的构拟。结合当时的实际情况,我们提出了中国早期的剥削形式应该是以贡纳和劳役并存的整体剥削形式。
As for the three generations of forms of exploitation, the Confucian classics Mencius originally put forward a system that for thousands of years has been regarded as a standard by scholars studying the patterns of early exploitation in China. In modern times, though scholars have had doubts, the focus of the debate is mainly on the issues of tribute, aid and thoroughness and the prioritization of the three. This article systematically examines the discourses on tribute, aid and thoroughness in Mencius. By contrast, we find that Mencius’s discourse on the three generations’ forms of exploitation is out of the author’s ideal and an ideal of the reality left behind The structure of the Combined with the actual situation at that time, we proposed that the early form of exploitation in China should be the overall form of exploitation based on the coexistence of Gunnar and servitude.