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转移支付制度是发达国家用于均等化地区间公共服务水平的重要政策工具,它主要通过影响地方财力来影响地区间公共服务的水平。选取美国、德国和澳大利亚作为发达国家的代表,通过基尼系数和最大最小比值两个指标的分析发现,采用不同转移支付制度的三个国家,实现了不同的地方财力均等化程度:美国的地区间财力均等化程度最低,德国居中,澳大利亚最高。利用服务提供比率这一衡量地区间公共服务均等化程度的指标发现,上述发达国家地方财力均等化和地区间公共服务均等化存在两种关系。其中,美国由于地区间财力均等化程度低极大地影响了财力薄弱地方政府提供公共服务的能力,从而导致州际较大的公共服务差距;澳大利亚长期高度的财力均等化也并未导致地区间公共服务的均等化,但这主要是地区偏好差异所致。
The transfer payment system is an important policy instrument used by developed countries to equalize the public service levels in different regions. It mainly affects the level of public services in the region by affecting local financial resources. The United States, Germany and Australia are selected as the representatives of developed countries. Based on the analysis of the Gini coefficient and the maximum / minimum ratio, three countries adopting different transfer payment systems have achieved different levels of local financial equity: the inter-regional The lowest degree of financial equalization, Germany middle, highest in Australia. Using the ratio of service provision as an indicator of the degree of equalization of public services across regions, it is found that there are two kinds of relations between the above-mentioned developed countries in terms of the equalization of local and financial resources and the equalization of public services in different regions. Among them, the United States due to the low level of financial equality between regions has greatly affected the ability of local governments to provide public services with weak financial capacity, resulting in a larger interstate public service gap; Australia’s long-term high financial equity did not lead to inter-regional public Equalization of services, but mainly due to regional differences in preferences.