Objective:The mechanisms by which lipopolysaccharide(LPS)pretreatment induces cardioprotection following ischaemia/reperfusion(I/R)have not been fully elucidated.We hypothesized that activation of phosph-oinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt and high mobility group box 1(HMGBx1)signaling plays an important role in LPS-induced cardioprotection.Methods:In in vivo experiments,age-and weight-matched male C57BL/10Sc wild type mice were pretreated with LPS before ligation of the left anterior descending coronary followed by reperfusion.Infarction size was examined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining.Akt,phospho-Akt,and HMGBx1 were assessed by immunoblotting with appropriate primary antibodies.In situ cardiac myocyte apop- tosis was examined by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL)assay.In an in vitro study,rat cardiac myoblasts(H9c2)were subdivided into two groups,and only one was pretreated with LPS.After pretreatment, the cells were transferred into a hypoxic chamber under 0.5%O 2 .Levels of HMGBx1 were assessed by immunoblot.Results:In the in vivo experiment,pretreatment with LPS reduced the at risk infarct size by 70.6%and the left ventricle infarct size by 64.93%respectively.Pretreatment with LPS also reduced cardiac myocytes apoptosis by 39.1%after ischemia and reperfusion.The mechanisms of LPS induced cardioprotection involved increasing PI3K/Akt activity and decreasing expression of HMGBx1.In the in vitro study,pretreatment with LPS reduced the level of HMGBx1 in H9c2 cell cytoplasm following hypoxia.Conclusion:The results suggest that the cardioprotection following I/R induced by LPS pretreatment involves PI3K/Akt and HMGBx1 pathways. Objective: The mechanisms by which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pretreatment induces cardioprotection following ischaemia / reperfusion (I / R) have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that activation of phospho- oinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) / Akt and high mobility group box 1 (HMGBx1) signaling plays an important role in LPS-induced cardioprotection. Methods: In vivo experiments, age-and weight-matched male C57BL / 10Sc wild type mice were pretreated with LPS before ligation of the left anterior descending coronary followed by reperfusion. Infarction size was examined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Akt, phospho-Akt, and HMGBx1 were assessed by immunoblotting with the appropriate primary antibodies. In situ cardiac myocyte apoposis was examined by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling ). assay.In an in vitro study, rat cardiac myoblasts (H9c2) were subdivided into two groups, and only one was pretreated with LPS. After pretreatment, the cells were transferred into a hypoxic chamber under 0.5% O 2. Levels of HMGBx1 were assessed by immunoblot. Results: In the in vivo experiment, pretreatment with LPS reduced the at risk infarct size by 70.6% and the left ventricular infarct size by 64.93% respectively. Treatment with LPS also reduced cardiac myocytes apoptosis by 39.1% after ischemia and reperfusion.The mechanisms of LPS induced cardioprotection involved PI3K / Akt activity and decreasing expression of HMGBx1.In the in vitro study, pretreatment with LPS reduced the level of HMGBx1 in H9c2 cell cytoplasm following hypoxia.Conclusion: The results suggest that the cardioprotection following I / R induced by LPS pretreatment involves PI3K / Akt and HMGBx1 pathways.