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数据(信息)是流行病学研究中的基础性资料。对信息的认真测量、记录及处理是研究过程的重要步骤。必须对数据的特征给予准确的描述,而数据的收集则需要可靠的工具。对测量过程中的定义和程序进行标准化可保证不同来源数据的可比性。在测量过程中认真负责,对测量人员进行严格培训可保证测量的精确性。还要特别注意数据记录过程中的完整性和准确性。可以利用常规或专门设计的表格来收集数据,也可以利用死亡或病例计数或失能测量数据进行评价。调查问卷是一种常用的数据收集工具。调查问卷包括研究对象基础信息和关于疾病及其影响因素调查问题两个部分。要想使问卷调查有意义,必须对问卷进行精心设计。关于疾病的比较常常使用“率”或“危险度”指标,从而涉及到分母(人群)和分子(病例数或事件数)的问题。患病率和发病率是标准的“危险度”测量指标。收集高质量的信息,并据此计算出“危险度”或“危险度比”,这就构成了流行病学的基础。
Data (information) is the basic information in epidemiological studies. The careful measurement, recording and processing of information is an important step in the research process. The characteristics of the data must be accurately described, and the collection of data requires reliable tools. The standardization of definitions and procedures in the measurement process ensures the comparability of data from different sources. Serious and responsible in the measurement process, the strict training of measurement personnel can ensure the accuracy of measurement. Pay particular attention to the completeness and accuracy of data recording. Data can be collected using a conventionally or specifically designed form, or can be evaluated using death or case counts or disability measurement data. The questionnaire is a commonly used data collection tool. The questionnaire includes the basic information of the research object and the investigation of the disease and its influencing factors. To make the survey meaningful, the questionnaire must be carefully designed. Relatively frequent use of the “rate” or “risk” indicator of disease involves questions regarding the denominator (population) and numerator (number of cases or incidents). Prevalence and morbidity are the standard “risk measures”. The collection of high-quality information from which to calculate “risk” or “risk ratio” constitutes the basis of epidemiology.