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明確的綜合图紙能使我們对地下坑道及地質情况獲得一個完整而明晰的概念。这种圖紙形式在表示坑道及鑛床結構方面的意義很是重大。在鑛山中最廣泛使用的圖紙是根據標高數量繪製出的等高線圖、斜投影及軸線投影圖。隨着工業的發展促進了工作方法的發展,因此出現了立体圖及藉紅祿鏡观察的圖。此外,鑛山測量尚使用一种特製透明紙(由人工樹脂、松香、柏油製成)繪製透明平面圖。此种透明圖紙非常便於对照已开採的各個坑道之間的关係,使我們对有用矿床的產状具有一种空間感觉,因此便於進行矿井的採掘工作。迅速發展的社会主義鑛山企業已向有关科学部門,首先是矿山幾何学,提出了一項改善製圖方法的要求,因此最近幾年在这方面曾進行了許多工作。偉大的苏联幾何結晶学家費德浴夫在1907年會提出一种在平面繪製空間形像的平行向量製圖法。他建
A clear composite drawing will give us a complete and clear picture of underground tunnels and geological conditions. The significance of this form of drawing in representing the structure of tunnels and deposits is significant. The most widely used drawings in mines are contours, oblique projections and axis projections based on the number of elevations. As the development of industry accelerated the development of working methods, there appeared a three-dimensional view and a diagram of the observation by a red mirror. In addition, the mine survey is still using a special transparent paper (made of artificial resin, rosin, asphalt) to draw a transparent plan. Such transparent drawings make it easy to compare the relationships between the various mined tunnels and give us a sense of space for the shape of the useful deposit so that it is easy to mine the mine. The rapidly growing socialist mining enterprises have asked the scientific departments concerned, first of all mine geometry, for a proposal to improve their cartographic methods, and much work has been done in this regard in recent years. In 1907, the great Soviet geometrical crystallographer Fader, Bvlgolf, proposed a parallel vector plotting method of drawing a space image on a plane. He built