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马克思的分工理论是不同于斯密的分工理论的。马克思通过对工场手工业和机器大工业的分析,厘清了两种分工即社会分工和生产内部分工。在此基础上,马克思深入到生产过程中,进一步分析了资本主义工场手工业中的分工与机器大工业中的分工的不同。工场手工业中,工人的技术是分工的依据。而机器大工业中,机器本身是分工的依据。由此,马克思发现在这两种生产方式下生产的主体已经发生了变化,于是马克思从关注人本身转向关注客观的生产本身。通过对分工的辨识,马克思的历史唯物主义思想得到了不断深化。
Marx’s division of labor theory is different from Smith’s division of labor theory. Through the analysis of factory handicraft industry and machine large industry, Marx clarified the two division of labor namely social division of labor and internal division of labor. On this basis, Marx went deep into the production process and further analyzed the differences between the division of labor in the handicraft industry and the division of labor in the machine-large industry in the capitalist workshop. In the workshop handicraft industry, the worker’s technique is the basis of division of labor. The machine industry, the machine itself is the basis for division of labor. As a result, Marx discovers that the main body of production under these two modes of production has changed, and Marx has shifted from the concern itself to the objective production itself. Through the identification of division of labor, Marx’s historical materialism has been deepened.