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“动词填空”是中考考查的重要内容,重在考查动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词的综合运用,涉及的面广量大。在这里,重点探讨动词不定式,从它的构成分析,在句子中用法归类总结,配以口诀来提高英语学习的趣味性,让学生学得更轻松,解题更简单。
首先,要知道动词不定式的概念,它不是谓语动词,因而也就没有人称时态和数的变化,不能单独做句子的谓语,但可以做除谓语以外的任何成分,所以,它被称之为非谓语动词之一。
动词不定式用法复杂,可以做句子很多成分,变化形式多样,又涉及到省略和不省略,学生不容易掌握和运用,很多学生此处学得不透彻,混淆不清,以至于中考常常失分。但是,可以借助口诀来帮助学生理解记忆动词不定式,让他们巧妙掌握用法和注意点,正确使用动词不定式。
1.动词不定式作宾语
这样动词有很多:want,learn,plan prepare,hopewish,expect,agree,offer,choose decide,promise refuse等等,单纯记忆量很大,记不住,容易忘,可以借助下面口诀来记忆。
口诀:想学习早打算 (wantlearnplan)
快准备有希望 (preparehopewishexpect)
同意否供选择 (agreeofferchoose)
别拒绝快答应(refusepromise)
既决定记牢它( decide)
Tom refused to lend me his pen.
We hope to get there before dark.
The girl decided to do it herself.
2. 对于动词不定式作宾语补
(1) 带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:ask / like /would like /teach/tell /want /help+sb.+to do sth.,对于这些动词,也可以借助口诀来记忆。
口诀: 要求允许提议(ask,allow,permit, advise)
期望邀请鼓励(expect,suppose,invite, encourage)
教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want)
等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)
(1) I want you all to come too.
(2) Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.
(3) Please ask him to come quickly.
(2)不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:let /make/hear/see/notice/have/watch+sb.+do sth.。这几个动词可以运用下面口诀:
一感,二听,三让,四看,半帮助。
一感:feel;二听:hear,listen to;三让:make,let,have;四看:see,notice,watch,look;半帮助:help,可带to也可不带to。
I felt someone enter my room last night.
Let’s go.
He often helps me (to) learn English.
注:省掉to的不定式的句子变被动语态时,需要还原to。这也有对应口诀来记。
口诀 : 使役动词真奇怪,to在句中像妖怪;主动句里它走开,被动句里它回来。
He often makes us laugh.
We are often made to laugh.
3. 动词不定式作主语
(1) 动词不定式常可用作句子的主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
To say is easier than to do.说起来容易做起来难。
(2) 常用it作形式主语,而将不定式放在句子后面,这样,可以避免头重脚轻,保持了句子平衡。
口诀:不定式,做主语,头太重, it换,放后面。
to do sth.+谓语动词+adj./n.=
It +谓语动词+adj./ n.+ to do sth.
To learn English is important.
It’s important to learn English.
4. 动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语放在被修饰词之后.
名词或代词+to do(介词)。
注:若构成的不定式的动词为不及物动词时,其后加上相应的介词。
I have nothing to do.
He doesn’t have good friends to talk to/with.
5. 动词不定式与疑问词连用
疑问词+to do sth.
疑问词:how,how many/much/often/soon/long/far,why,where,whether,what,who,which,whom,whose等等。(if和why不和to do连用)
口诀:疑问词,不定式,大多数,相连用,除了两,why和if.
Paul knows who to talk to for help.
Sandy wants to know where to meet his friends.
Can you tell me what to do?
6. 动词不定式可作状语
(1) 动词不定式可作目的状语
To catch the first bus, he got up early.
To prevent this,humans on Mars will have to wear special boots to make themselves heavier.
(2) 动词不定式可作原因状语
表语形容词(sorry/sad/happy/ glad)后与动词不定式连用作原因状语。
He was glad to see his wife.
(3) 动词不定式可作结果状语
在too...to..., (not)...enough to...句型中的动词不定式作结果状语。
The boy is too young to go to school.
7. 动词不定式作表语
be + to do sth.
注:动词不定式作表语可以和主语的位置互换,且常表将来。
My job is to introduce each star.
To introduce each star is my job.
8. 动词不定式的否定形式
不定式否定是中考的考点,但很多学生经常犯这样的错误,在不定式前加didn’t, don’t, doesn’t等等。其实,可以这样来记:不定式,否定式,有to无to都一样,就把not放在前。
He told me not to stay here.
Li Lei tried to make the baby not cry any more.
9. 动词不定式符号的省略和保留情况。
(1) 动词不定式符号的省略情况
若两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,第一个不定式符号不能省略,其余的省掉to。但两者有对比关系时,to都不能省略。
Edison’s mother taught him to write and read.
I haven’t decided to go home or to go to the cinema.
(2)省掉不定式而保留动词不定式符号to的情况
Don’t talk unless you’re asked to.
—Would you like to join my birthday party?
—I would love to.
10. 固定搭配
Had better ,would rather, why not 后均不带to。
口诀: 为什么不宁愿最好。
You’d better stop smoking.
最后,我们可以把动词不定式基本用法总结如下:
口诀:
不定式,有标记,to与动原连一起。没有人称数变化,动词特点它具备。
主宾定状表补语,惟独作谓不可以。not加上不定式,否定结构要牢记。
疑问词与不定式,构成短语有意义。仔细推敲多思考,准确判断有依据。
如果学生通过口诀巧妙学习以上动词不定式用法,学生就可以正确理解和运用。
首先,要知道动词不定式的概念,它不是谓语动词,因而也就没有人称时态和数的变化,不能单独做句子的谓语,但可以做除谓语以外的任何成分,所以,它被称之为非谓语动词之一。
动词不定式用法复杂,可以做句子很多成分,变化形式多样,又涉及到省略和不省略,学生不容易掌握和运用,很多学生此处学得不透彻,混淆不清,以至于中考常常失分。但是,可以借助口诀来帮助学生理解记忆动词不定式,让他们巧妙掌握用法和注意点,正确使用动词不定式。
1.动词不定式作宾语
这样动词有很多:want,learn,plan prepare,hopewish,expect,agree,offer,choose decide,promise refuse等等,单纯记忆量很大,记不住,容易忘,可以借助下面口诀来记忆。
口诀:想学习早打算 (wantlearnplan)
快准备有希望 (preparehopewishexpect)
同意否供选择 (agreeofferchoose)
别拒绝快答应(refusepromise)
既决定记牢它( decide)
Tom refused to lend me his pen.
We hope to get there before dark.
The girl decided to do it herself.
2. 对于动词不定式作宾语补
(1) 带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:ask / like /would like /teach/tell /want /help+sb.+to do sth.,对于这些动词,也可以借助口诀来记忆。
口诀: 要求允许提议(ask,allow,permit, advise)
期望邀请鼓励(expect,suppose,invite, encourage)
教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want)
等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)
(1) I want you all to come too.
(2) Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.
(3) Please ask him to come quickly.
(2)不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:let /make/hear/see/notice/have/watch+sb.+do sth.。这几个动词可以运用下面口诀:
一感,二听,三让,四看,半帮助。
一感:feel;二听:hear,listen to;三让:make,let,have;四看:see,notice,watch,look;半帮助:help,可带to也可不带to。
I felt someone enter my room last night.
Let’s go.
He often helps me (to) learn English.
注:省掉to的不定式的句子变被动语态时,需要还原to。这也有对应口诀来记。
口诀 : 使役动词真奇怪,to在句中像妖怪;主动句里它走开,被动句里它回来。
He often makes us laugh.
We are often made to laugh.
3. 动词不定式作主语
(1) 动词不定式常可用作句子的主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
To say is easier than to do.说起来容易做起来难。
(2) 常用it作形式主语,而将不定式放在句子后面,这样,可以避免头重脚轻,保持了句子平衡。
口诀:不定式,做主语,头太重, it换,放后面。
to do sth.+谓语动词+adj./n.=
It +谓语动词+adj./ n.+ to do sth.
To learn English is important.
It’s important to learn English.
4. 动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语放在被修饰词之后.
名词或代词+to do(介词)。
注:若构成的不定式的动词为不及物动词时,其后加上相应的介词。
I have nothing to do.
He doesn’t have good friends to talk to/with.
5. 动词不定式与疑问词连用
疑问词+to do sth.
疑问词:how,how many/much/often/soon/long/far,why,where,whether,what,who,which,whom,whose等等。(if和why不和to do连用)
口诀:疑问词,不定式,大多数,相连用,除了两,why和if.
Paul knows who to talk to for help.
Sandy wants to know where to meet his friends.
Can you tell me what to do?
6. 动词不定式可作状语
(1) 动词不定式可作目的状语
To catch the first bus, he got up early.
To prevent this,humans on Mars will have to wear special boots to make themselves heavier.
(2) 动词不定式可作原因状语
表语形容词(sorry/sad/happy/ glad)后与动词不定式连用作原因状语。
He was glad to see his wife.
(3) 动词不定式可作结果状语
在too...to..., (not)...enough to...句型中的动词不定式作结果状语。
The boy is too young to go to school.
7. 动词不定式作表语
be + to do sth.
注:动词不定式作表语可以和主语的位置互换,且常表将来。
My job is to introduce each star.
To introduce each star is my job.
8. 动词不定式的否定形式
不定式否定是中考的考点,但很多学生经常犯这样的错误,在不定式前加didn’t, don’t, doesn’t等等。其实,可以这样来记:不定式,否定式,有to无to都一样,就把not放在前。
He told me not to stay here.
Li Lei tried to make the baby not cry any more.
9. 动词不定式符号的省略和保留情况。
(1) 动词不定式符号的省略情况
若两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,第一个不定式符号不能省略,其余的省掉to。但两者有对比关系时,to都不能省略。
Edison’s mother taught him to write and read.
I haven’t decided to go home or to go to the cinema.
(2)省掉不定式而保留动词不定式符号to的情况
Don’t talk unless you’re asked to.
—Would you like to join my birthday party?
—I would love to.
10. 固定搭配
Had better ,would rather, why not 后均不带to。
口诀: 为什么不宁愿最好。
You’d better stop smoking.
最后,我们可以把动词不定式基本用法总结如下:
口诀:
不定式,有标记,to与动原连一起。没有人称数变化,动词特点它具备。
主宾定状表补语,惟独作谓不可以。not加上不定式,否定结构要牢记。
疑问词与不定式,构成短语有意义。仔细推敲多思考,准确判断有依据。
如果学生通过口诀巧妙学习以上动词不定式用法,学生就可以正确理解和运用。