美国颁布《独立宣言》的1776年,亚当·斯密出版了《国富论》,提出了以下观点:(1)人类最主要的动机是自己的私利; (2)竞争这只“看不见的手”自动地把许多私利转变为共同利益;(3)因此,要使国家财富增长,最好的政府政策应是最少的干预。斯密主义的支持者主张社会的商品和服务供给应该由相互竞争的私人买者和卖者的活动来完成。反斯密主义者则认为: In 1776, when the United States promulgated the Declaration of Independence, Adam Smith published The Theory of Wealth of Nations and put forward the following views: (1) The most important motivation of mankind is his own self-interest; and (2) competition can only be “invisible Hand ”automatically turns many private interests into common interests; (3) Therefore, the best government policy in order to increase the country’s wealth should be minimal intervention. The advocates of the Smith doctrine advocate that the supply of goods and services in society should be done by the activities of competing private buyers and sellers. Anti-Muslimists think: