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1980年美国国会制定《涉密案件程序法》,内容是关于涉密刑事案件的诉讼程序,包括审前程序、审理程序及上诉程序。当时制定该法是为应对涉密刑事案件中被告人经常使用的“敲诈”(graymail)行为,即以披露秘密信息相要挟,使公诉机关常处于两难境地:要么允许披露秘密信息,要么撤销针对被告人的指控。这与美国的对抗制诉讼模式紧密相关,包括证据展示制度在内的对抗制诉讼模式,试图在控方与辩方之间塑造大致均衡的诉讼能力,从而保障刑事被告人获得公正审判的权利。《涉密案件程序法》试图通过设置程序性规范在国家安全利益与公正审判要求之间寻求平衡。首先,在审前程序或审理程序中,当被告人想要披露秘密信息时,要求被告人预先通知政府;其次,当披露此项信息并非法律所要求时,允许政府采取措施避免对国家安全造成不必要损害;再次,当披露此项信息对公正解决案件成为必要时,允许政府评估对国家安全可能造成的损害,进而决定公诉是否要进行下去,以及如何进行。该法并未改变政府追究犯罪行为的职责,只是考虑到涉密刑事案件的特殊性,为保护国家安全,同时满足被告人的权利,试图改变查明事实的方式。该法使政府有能力保护涉密案件中的秘密信息,同时,被告人的辩护能力也未因为案件涉密而受实质影响,从而有利于公正审判。
In 1980, the United States Congress enacted the Procedures for the Involvement of Secret Cases, which dealt with the proceedings concerning the criminal cases involving secrets, including the pretrial procedure, the trial procedure and the appeal procedure. At that time, the law was enacted to deal with the frequently used “graymail” behavior of defendants in criminal cases involving secrets, that is to say, disclosing the secret information threatens the public prosecutorial organs with the usual dilemma of either allowing the disclosure of the secret information or Revoke allegations against the defendant. This is closely related to the United States adversarial litigation model, including adversarial litigation mode, such as the evidence display system, trying to establish a roughly balanced litigation ability between the prosecution and the defense, so as to guarantee the criminal defendant the right to a fair trial. The Code of Secret Procedure Law seeks to strike a balance between national security interests and fair trial requirements by setting procedural norms. First of all, in the pre-trial proceedings or trial proceedings, when the accused person wants to disclose the confidential information, the accused person is required to notify the government in advance. Second, when the disclosure of the information is not required by law, the government is allowed to take measures to avoid causing national security Unnecessary damage; Third, when the disclosure of this information becomes necessary for a fair settlement of the case, the government is allowed to assess the possible damage to national security and to decide whether prosecution should proceed and how to proceed. This law does not change the government’s responsibility to investigate criminal acts. Instead, it only considers the particularity of criminal cases involving secrets and tries to change the way of finding facts in order to protect national security and satisfy the defendant’s rights at the same time. This law enables the government to protect the secret information in the secret cases. At the same time, the defense ability of the defendants has not been materially affected by the case confidentiality, which is conducive to fair trial.