肺炎支原体(mycoplasma pneumoniae，MP)是引起儿童社区获得性肺炎的主要病原体，通常使用大环内酯类药物进行治疗。对MP基因的分型主要是通过基于P1基因的限制性片段长度多态性(P1-restriction fragment length polymorphism，RFLP)分析以及基于多基因座可变数目串联重复序列分析(multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis，MLVA)，流行期间MP不同亚型之间会发生一定的转化。研究并掌握MP各分型的流行特点及转化规律，可以对MP各亚型的分布地区、流行年份及临床相关性产生更深刻的认识。由于抗生素的大量使用，肺炎支原体菌株的大环内酯类耐药性增加，现已成为全球公共卫生关注的问题，研究显示MP耐药性与23S rRNA基因结构域V区突变有关。分型技术的完善对抗生素的合理选择具有指导意义。开展系统全面的MP基因分型及其耐药突变的分子流行病学研究，从分子水平揭示MP亚型的分布特征、流行趋势及耐药情况势在必行。该文对儿童肺炎支原体分子流行病学的研究进展进行综述，对MP感染的监测、预防和临床治疗提供思路。“,”Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)is the main pathogen causing community-acquired pneumonia in children, usually treated with macrolide drugs.The type of MP genes is mainly based on PCR-RFLP(P1-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis)and MLVA(multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis)typing methods.During epidemics, MP subtypes will undergo certain transformation.Studying and mastering the prevalence characteristics and transformation laws of MP subtypes can deeper understand the distribution area, prevalence year and clinical relevance of each subtype of MP.Due to the extensive use of antibiotics, the resistance of mycoplasma pneumoniae to macrolides has increased , which has become a global public health concern.Studies have shown that MP resistance is related to mutations in the V region of 23S rRNA gene domain.The improvement of typing technology also guides significance for the rational selection of antibiotics.It is imperative to carry out systematic and comprehensive molecular epidemiological studies of MP genotypes and its resistance mutations, and reveal the distribution characteristics, epidemic trends and resistance mutations of MP subtypes at the molecular level.This paper reviews the research progress of molecular epidemiology of mycoplasma pneumoniae in children, and provides ideas for the monitoring, prevention and clinical treatment of MP infection.