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1.语言是人类最重要的交际工具,交际是语言的最基本的职能。人类的交际行为包括三个基本的结构层次:语言、伴随语言(Paralanguage)和身势语(Kinoslcs);此外,还有与之相关的近体语(Proxemics)(F·Poyatos,1983)。 2.语言在人类交际行为中是最基本的要素,使用语言进行交际是人类所特有的行为:伴髓语言、身势语以及与之相关的近体语只是人类在交际过程中所伴随的辅助语言特征(Paralinguistic fea tures),它包括说话者在交际中所伴随的各种非言语的咳嗽、鼻音、叹气、声调、语调和各种面部表情、体态动作、眼神接触、手势活动等,以及在交际时双方所保持的空间距离及其构成、使用和看法等。(桂诗春,1988) 3.在人类交际行为中,语言是交际内容的主要负荷者,辅助语言特征在一定程度上虽然也能传情达意,但是它的主要功能则是强化言语的表达效果。语言不但是交际内容的主要负荷者,而且一系列的辅助语言特征的含义也是由语言来确定并使之约定俗成的。比如,“点头”在中国和使用英语的国家表示赞同,“摇头”则表示不同意,即所谓“摇头不算点头算”;可是,在印地安人中,在保加利亚和尼泊尔却是“点头不算摇头算”(耿二岭,1988;张凯,1989)。 4.因此,要想全面地考察人类的交际行为,最理想的作法是综合地研究语言?
1. Language is the most important human communication tools, communication is the most basic language functions. There are three basic structural levels of human communication: language, paralanguage and Kinoslcs; and Proxemics (F · Poyatos, 1983). 2. Language is the most basic element in human communication behavior. The use of language to communicate is a unique behavior of human beings: the accompanying language, the body language and the related near-body language are just the assisting human beings in the communication process Paralinguistic fea tures, which include various non-verbal coughs, nasals, sighs, tones, intonations and various facial expressions that accompany the speaker in communication, body movements, eye contact, gestural activities, etc., The spatial distance maintained by both parties during communication, its composition, use and perception. (Gui Shih-chun, 1988) 3. In human communication, language is the major load of communicative content. Auxiliary language features can express their affections to some extent, but its main function is to reinforce the expressive effect of speech. Language is not only the main load of communicative content, but also the meaning of a series of auxiliary linguistic features is also determined by the language and makes it a convention. For example, “nodding” in China and in English-speaking countries agrees. “Shaking head” means disagreement with the so-called “shaking his head.” But among Indians, Bulgaria and Nepal are nodding Not counting their heads "(Geng Erling, 1988; Zhang Kai, 1989). 4. Therefore, in order to comprehensively examine the communicative behavior of human beings, what is the best way to study the language synthetically?