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新中国成立后,通过社会主义改造,在全国建立起一种以生产资料公有制为基础的高度集权的计划经济体制。其特点是每个社会成员都有其特定的身份,全社会按照统一计划进行生产和工作安排,实行统购统销和定级定额供应,严格限制个人的自主选择和自由流动。这一体制在建国初期曾有力地维护了国家的统一和社会的稳定,并有效地调动了全国的资源进行工业化建设,初步奠定了独立的国民经济体系。但是,随着生产力的进一步发展和经济行为的日益复杂化,这种体制的弊端日益显现:它与现代经济的开放、平等、竞争等精神格格不入;这种体制的过度集权,使个人丧失了现代公民应有的独立自主的人格;而对集体主义的片面理解和过分强调则往往抹杀了个人的正当权益和个性发展。
After the founding of New China, through socialist transformation, a highly centralized planned economic system based on the public ownership of means of production was established across the country. Its characteristic is that every member of society has its own specific identity, and the whole society conducts production and work arrangements in accordance with the unified plan, implements the unified procurement, marketing and fixed quota supply, and strictly limits individual’s freedom of choice and movement. In the early days of the founding of New China, this system had effectively upheld the unification of the country and social stability and effectively mobilized the resources of the entire country for industrialization and laid an initial independent national economic system. However, with the further development of productive forces and the increasingly complicated economic activities, the drawbacks of such a system have become increasingly apparent: it is incompatible with the spirit of opening up, equality and competition in the modern economy; the over-centralization of such a system has caused the loss of modernity to individuals Citizens should have their own independent personality; and one-sided understanding of collectivism and over-emphasis often denied the legitimate rights and individual development of individuals.