1861年农民改革不仅是各种利益和思想斗争与妥协的结果,也是后来俄国其他改革的起点。这场改革具有多重意义,俄国精英往往根据自己的观念对其作出不同的解读,加之缺乏关于俄国农村的客观信息,因此俄国政府和社会都对农民改革的方向缺乏明确的认识。一些政府高官试图改变1861年改革的某些原则,推动农民从村社土地所有制转向农户土地所有制,但并没有成功。19世纪70年代末80年代初,随着俄国农业危机的出现,俄国社会和政府对农民问题愈加重视。信息匮乏阻碍了俄国精英对农民问题的认识,他们对农民问题的认识并未明显受到其政治信念的影响。俄国政府试图降低农民的税费并为此爆发了争论,但最终阻止农民土地流通的观点占据了上风,社会最终承认农民土地是国家财产的变种。随着国家调控经济的思想日渐盛行,俄国精英将加深农民对土地的依附作为克服农业危机的措施。 The peasant reform of 1861 was not only the result of various interests and ideological struggles and compromises, but also the starting point for other reforms in Russia later. This reform has multiple meanings. The Russian elites tend to make different interpretations according to their own concepts and lack of objective information about the rural areas of Russia. Therefore, the Russian government and the society lacks a clear understanding of the direction of peasant reform. Some government officials tried to change some of the principles of the 1861 reforms to promote the transfer of peasants’ ownership of land from village communities to their landownership but did not succeed. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the advent of the Russian agricultural crisis, the Russian society and government paid more attention to the issue of peasants. The lack of information hindered the Russian elites’ understanding of peasant issues and their understanding of peasant problems was not significantly affected by their political beliefs. The Russian government tried to reduce the taxes and fees of peasants and controversy broke out. However, the view that eventually prevented the circulation of peasants gained the upper hand. The society finally recognized that peasant land was a variant of state property. With the increasing prevalence of state regulation of the economy, the Russian elite will deepen the peasants’ attachment to the land as a measure to overcome the agricultural crisis.