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无锡惠山泥人,是无锡三大著名特产之一,是无锡当地艺人取惠山东北坡山脚下的黑泥为原材料制作而成的民间工艺品。而这种黑泥泥质细腻柔软,搓而不纹,弯而不断,干而不裂,可塑性极佳,非常适合“捏塑”之用,因之惠山泥人的艺人们长期以来,保留传统又有创新,孕育出这一巧夺天工,灿烂绚丽的独门民间艺术。其造型饱满,线条流畅,色彩鲜艳,情趣盎然,雅俗共赏,深受各界人士的喜爱。惠山泥人的历史渊远流长,但说法不一,年代考据存在多种说法,但历史孕育的痕迹十分明显,具有历史的厚重之感。惠山泥人的塑造一般都要上彩后才算完成,因此无锡又是我国著名的彩塑产地,彩绘工艺对惠山泥人来说是关键的一环,其工艺程序比较复杂。从文献和考察所得,自从清代在制作工艺上出现塑和彩的分工以来,彩绘工艺更是越发细腻和成熟,以后又有贴金、插花、开相、妆銮等装饰,并形成一定的谱系,有自己的定式,这就是无锡惠山泥人塑造中流传的“三分塑七分彩”的原意。针对无锡惠山泥人留传至今的丰富的历史遗产和工艺成就,笔者结合自己长期教学积累的资料、实际参与工艺实习和数十次实地考察记录,撰写这篇考察报告,以飨读者。
Wuxi Huishan clay figurines, is one of the three famous Wuxi specialty, Wuxi local artistes take the black mud at the foot of the northeast slopes of Huishan for the production of folk arts and crafts. And this black clay mud delicate soft, rub without pattern, bending and continuous, dry without cracking, excellent plasticity, very suitable for “kneading ” use, because of Huishan clay man’s entertainer for a long time, Retain the tradition and innovation, gave birth to this brilliant, brilliant brilliant unique folk art. Its modeling full, smooth lines, colorful, full of fun, elegant tastes, won by all walks of life’s favorite. Huishan clay man has a long history, but different opinions, there are many versions of the textual criticism, but traces of history is very clear, with a sense of history heavy. Huishan clay figurine generally have to be completed after the color, so Wuxi is China’s famous colorful plastic producing areas, painting process is a key to Huishan clay figurines, the process is more complicated. From the literature and investigation results, since the Qing Dynasty in the production process appears plastic and color division of labor since the painting process is more delicate and mature, and later there are gold, flower arrangement, Kaixiang, makeup Luanguan decoration, and the formation of a certain Pedigree, has its own style, which is the shape of Wuxi Huishan Clay popular “three-thirds plastic seven color ” original meaning. Aiming at the rich historical heritage and technological achievements of Wuxi Huishan clay figurine so far, the author combined the information accumulated by his long-term teaching with the practical participation in process internship and dozens of field investigation records to compose this study report to readers.