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一、前 言 海啸是许多海洋国家滨海地区的猛烈海洋自然灾害之一、我国历代文献中也称为“海溢”、“海侵”等。其在滨海区域的表现形式是海水陡涨,瞬时侵入滨海陆地,吞没良田和城镇村庄,然后海水又骤然退去,或先退后涨,有时反复多次,造成生命财产的重大损失。局地海啸在海啸波到达前,还经常有强烈地震。我国也是一个多风暴潮灾的国家,历代都把风暴及海底地震引起的潮位异常变化,混称为海啸、海溢、海侵或大海潮等等。近二十多年来,我国学者在学术上把风暴原因引起的潮位异常统称为风暴潮,而把海底地震引起的潮位异常则称为海啸。 日本称海啸为“津波”,意为港湾中的浪。西文大多取津波的译音─Tsunami。在英文文献中,曾经用“潮浪─Tidal Waves”一词,这是极不恰当的,因为海啸并非由潮汐或潮汐力所引起。鉴于人为的海上核爆炸也能引起局部区域海啸,为了区别,在许多文献中也用“地震海浪─Seismic Sea Wave”一词。加拿大学者 Murty T.S.引用 Van Dorn W.G.1968年提出的定义:海啸是指在海洋中形成的自由洋面大尺度短暂扰动重力波系。他还认为
I. Preface Tsunami is one of the violent ocean natural disasters in the coastal areas of many maritime countries. It is also called “sea overflow” and “sea invasion” in the literature of various dynasties in our country. Its manifestations in the coastal area are the steep rise of seawater, instantaneous intrusion into coastal land, swallowing of fertile land and towns and villages, and then the sudden drop of seawater or its withdrawal back and forth, sometimes repeatedly, resulting in heavy losses of life and property. Local tsunamis often have strong earthquakes before the tsunami wave arrives. Our country is also a country with many storm surges, and all the ancestors have changed the tide levels caused by storms and seafloor earthquakes. They are called tsunamis, sea overflows, transgressions or tidal waves and so on. In the recent two decades or so, scholars in our country have referred to the tide-level anomaly caused by the storm as an academic storm surge, while the tide-level anomalies caused by the seabed earthquake have been called tsunamis. Japan calls the tsunami “Tsubo”, meaning waves in the harbor. Most of the Western languages are taken from Tsunami - Tsunami. In the English literature, it was extremely inappropriate to use the term “Tidal Waves” because the tsunami was not caused by tides or tidal forces. In view of the fact that artificial nuclear explosions can also cause tsunamis in the local area, for the sake of distinction, “seismic wave” is also used in many documents. Canadian scholar Murty T.S. quoted Van Dorn W.G., the authoritative article published in 1968: The tsunami refers to the large-scale transient disturbed gravity wave of the free ocean surface formed in the ocean. He also thinks