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近200年,技术革命和工业革命引发了农业的科技革命,化学、机械和电力使传统农业进入一个更大的循环系统。为了通过工业化带动包括农业在内的各业现代化,在20世纪80年代以前,我国投资主要向工业倾斜,相应向城市倾斜。虽然在国家财政收入中,农业税所占份额呈现下降趋势,但是与财政对农业的投资相比较,总的走向是农业为工业提供积累。尽管国家对农业的投资逐步扩大,重工业结构向着有利于农业生产和农业技术改造的方向发展,在调整中增加支农投入,但是这些发展与调整,远远达不到农业对工业的需求。由于财政集中资金搞工业化,以及相应的人民公社、统购统销、城乡户籍等等制度的确立,加之历史上的城乡差距,导致城乡二元结构形成和凸显走势。工业化初期农业支援工业过程中,国家财政的转移支付手段发挥了重要作用。在新形势下,给予农业相应的补偿仍可借鉴历史举措中的合理因素,在通过体制变革调动多方积极因素的同时,部分通过政府运用财政转移支付的手段来完成。
In the past 200 years, the technological revolution and the industrial revolution have led to the revolution in agriculture. Chemical, mechanical and electric power have brought traditional agriculture into a larger circulatory system. In order to modernize various industries, including agriculture, through industrialization, by the 1980s, China’s investment mainly leveled to industries and correspondingly shifted to the cities. Although the share of agricultural tax has shown a declining trend in the national fiscal revenue, the overall trend is that agriculture provides the accumulation for industry in comparison with the investment made by the finance sector in agriculture. Despite the gradual expansion of state investment in agriculture and the development of the heavy industry structure in favor of agricultural production and agricultural technological transformation, it is necessary to increase investment in agriculture in the adjustment period. However, these developments and adjustments are far from the demand of agriculture for industry. Due to the centralization of funds in finance and the establishment of the corresponding systems of people’s communes, monopoly monopoly, urban and rural household registration, coupled with the historical gap between urban and rural areas, the urban-rural dual structure has been formed and highlighted. In the early stage of industrialization, the means of transfer payments by state finance played an important role in supporting agriculture in agriculture. Under the new situation, the corresponding compensation for agriculture can still draw lessons from the rational factors in the historical measures, while mobilizing the multi-factor positive factors through the system reform, and at the same time, it can be partially completed by the government using the fiscal transfer payment method.