观察——察看、检查和记录信息的能力——是所有现代科学的基础。观察者充当什么角色,观察者观察些什么,都需在研究中加以探讨。观察的方法包括抽样、分类、对每项操作下个确切的定界(defiin-tion)、应用工具、标度(scaling)和衡量。一、科学的观察虽然人们一生中都在不断地进行观察,但只有具备下列的条件时,观察才是科学的:①带着特定的目的进行观察;②有系统的计划和记录;③所有的观察都经过复核和在控制的条件下进行;④与科学概念和 Observation - the ability to view, examine and record information - is the foundation of all modern science. What role the observer plays and what the observer observes must be explored in the study. The methods of observation include sampling, classification, the exact defintion of each operation, application tools, scaling and measurement. First, the scientific observation Although people are constantly observed in their life, but only if the following conditions, the observation is scientific: ① with a specific purpose of observation; ② systematic planning and documentation; ③ all Observations are reviewed and under controlled conditions; ④ and scientific concepts and