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哈萨克汗国与清王朝的首次接触,是1741年清西北驻军安置前来投奔的哈萨克人作为护军统领,在军前效力一案。1755年3月,在平定准噶尔、统一西域的过程中,清廷首次制定了对哈萨克的政策。1757年8月和1758年10月,哈萨克中玉兹和大玉兹先后上表进贡,归附于清王朝,从而确立了清与哈萨克两玉兹的宗藩关系体制。本着“归斯受之,羁縻服属”的原则,清王朝对藩属哈萨克确定了一系列治理政策,包括朝觐制度、颁发敕书、册封汗爵、赐奠治丧、贸易管理、越界游牧等。本文即是对此所作的梳理和述评研究。
The first contact between the Khanate and the Qing dynasty was that the Kazakhs, who came to defend the Qing garrison in the northwest in 1741, acted as the armies guard and served in the military. In March 1755, during the process of settling Junggar and unifying the Western Regions, the Qing government made its first policy toward Kazakhstan. In August 1757 and October 1758, the tribes of Tajum and Taichuz in Kazakhstan paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty and established a system of suzerainty and vassal relations with Kazak both. In line with the principle of “returning to Sri Lanka and subjugation”, the Qing Dynasty established a series of governance policies for its vassal Kazak, including the system of pilgrimage, the issuance of books of war, the titles of books and magazines, the blessing of Buddhism, the management of trade, the nomadic border trade and so on. This article is to sort out and comment on this research.