Several types of ILs and solid acids were used as catalysts in one-pot conversion of sucrose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(abbreviated as 5-HMF) in a dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)/water mixed solvent under hydrothermal conditions. A remarkable 5-HMF yield of 91.8% was achieved catalyzed by the cesium salt of dodecatungstophosphoric acid(Cs_(2.3)H_(0.7)PW_(12)O_(40)) within 3 h at 180 C. The ionic liquid N-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate([Hmim][HSO_4]) gave the 5-HMF in 82.0% yield from sucrose. To the best of our knowledge, it was almost the highest yield of HMF from sucrose by now. Various reaction parameters including reaction temperature and time and catalyst dosage were optimized. A possible mechanism for this catalytic process was proposed. Furthermore, fructose and glucose were also investigated, good yields of 5-HMF was obtained respectively. This increases the possibility of large-scale production of 5-HMF from carbohydrates. Several types of ILs and solid acids were used as catalysts in one-pot conversion of sucrose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (abbreviated as 5-HMF) in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) / water mixed solvent under hydrothermal conditions. A remarkable 5-HMF yield of 91.8% was achieved catalyzed by the cesium salt of dodecatungstophosphoric acid (Cs_ (2.3) H_ (0.7) PW_ (12) O_ (40)) within 3 h at 180 C. The ionic liquid N-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [HSO_4]) gave the 5-HMF in 82.0% yield from sucrose. To the best of our knowledge, it was almost the highest yield of HMF from sucrose by now. Various reaction parameters include reaction temperature and time and catalyst dosage were optimized. This could be facilitated by this catalytic process was proposed. This increases the possibility of large-scale production of 5-HMF from carbohydrates.