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婚姻和事业的成败可以导致个人身分的改变。在不稳定、混乱或革命的时候,一个无名的人突然发迹比较容易。只有一个领域是敞开的,即自由职业。法律上的机会均等只有一个真正的目的,即禁止特权集团建立一种政治垄断。近来机会均等这个词则用在一个比较特殊的意义上,即竞争平等,这不仅指一切职位向每一个有资格的人开放,而且相信最有资格的人会赢得这个职位。但事实上有强大的阻力。最有效的阻力是集团凝聚力。这在公开职位已满的情况下特刊有效。此外还有主观客观的限制。专家们强调通过职业的渠道来改善身分,但一般人总首先想到在生意上发迹。另一个更合理的方法是通过工业企业。“经理革命”为经理们开放了门户。经理的上升既出现在西方也出现在共产主义国家就表明变革的主要原因在于生产组织而不是法律上关于所有权的规定。政治是另一个有迅速上升机会的领域。但政治从不导致下降的流动性。另一个合理机会是工会领袖。在农业中简直没有社会流动性;工业化越少的国家,农民的流动也越少。在城市有大量的向上流动。最上层阶层有成为封闭集团的趋势。总之社会流动性没有一致的趋势,各个流域的流速也各不相同。最大的职位竞争出现在中层。在社会流动中政治事件起非常有决定意义的作用。一般说来一个制度在扩张时则流动性增加,一个制度在稳定或收缩时则流动性减少。
The success or failure of marriage and career can lead to a change of personal status. In times of instability, chaos or revolution, it is easier for an anonymous person to suddenly make a fortune. Only one area is open, that is, freelance. There is only one real purpose in legal equality of opportunity to prohibit privileged groups from establishing a political monopoly. In recent years, the word equal opportunity has been used in a rather special sense, that is, equality of competition. This means not only that all posts be open to every qualified person, but that the most qualified person will win the position. But in fact there is a strong resistance. The most effective resistance is the group cohesion. This is valid in the case of a full open position. In addition there are subjective and objective restrictions. Experts emphasize the improvement of identity through professional channels, but most people first think of business success. Another more reasonable approach is through industrial firms. The “Managerial Revolution” opened the door to managers. The rise of managers, both in the West and in communist countries, is the main reason for the change in the organization of production rather than legally binding on ownership. Politics is another area that has the opportunity to rise rapidly. But politics never leads to declining liquidity. Another reasonable opportunity is union leaders. There is simply no social mobility in agriculture; in less industrialized countries, the flow of peasants is less. There is a lot of upward mobility in the city. The top class has the tendency to become a closed group. In short, there is no consistent trend in social mobility, and the flow rates in different basins are also different. The biggest job competition in the middle. Political events play a very decisive role in social mobility. In general, a system increases its liquidity when it expands, while a system decreases its liquidity when it stabilizes or contracts.