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一、平均利润率的形成取决于社会经济条件马克思认为,利润率是由剩余价值率转化而来的.然而,“实际上,利润率从历史上说也是出发点.剩余价值和剩余价值率相对地说是看不见的东西,是要通过研究加以揭示的本质的东西.利润率,从而剩余价值的形式即利润,却会在现象的表面上显示出来”(《马克思恩格斯全集》,第25卷,第51页).资产阶级经济学家不敢也不愿从具有“爆炸性”秘密的“剩余价值”上着手进行经济分析,因此,只停留于利润或利润率等表面现象的分析上.16世纪的重农主义者如魁奈,认为工业不创造利润,只有农业才创造利润或“纯产
First, the formation of the average profit rate depends on the socio-economic conditions Marx believes that the profit rate is derived from the surplus-value rate, however, ”In fact, the profit rate historically is also the starting point. The relative value of surplus and residual value relative To say something invisible, to be revealed by research, is the essence of the profit-rate, and thus the form of surplus-value, that is, the profit is shown on the surface of the phenomenon. “(The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, p. 25 Volume, p. 51) .A bourgeois economist is afraid and unwilling to proceed with economic analysis from the ”residual value “ with ”explosive " secrets, and therefore only stays on the surface of phenomena such as profit or profitability In the sixteenth century, the agrarian, such as Quesnay, argue that industry does not create profits, and that only agriculture produces profits or pure output