1947年8月15日印度宣告政治独立,从此面临着发展民族经济的繁重任务。独立后的首任总理尼赫鲁说:“我们常谈独立,而没有经济的独立,就不能长久保持政治上的独立。……因此我们必须提高生产,增加我们的财富并通过经济计划使千百万人,特别是普通群众分享其乐。”②怎样增加财富并使千百万人“分享其乐”呢?以莫汉达斯·甘地为首的一派认为在一个贫困落后而又劳力过剩的国家不能实行机械化,而应建立一个“理想”的村社社会,把人们的生 August 15, 1947 India declared its political independence and has since faced the heavy task of developing its national economy. Nehru, the first Prime Minister after independence, said: “We often talk about independence, and we can not maintain political independence for a long time without economic independence .... Therefore, we must increase production, increase our wealth and make economic plan Millions of people, especially the general public. ”② How can wealth be increased and millions of people“ share their happiness? ”The faction, headed by Mohan Das Gandhi, believes that in a poor and backward labor force The state can not practice mechanization, but should establish an “ideal” village society in which people’s health