大理是我国南方地区发展奶业最早的地区之一,伴随着奶牛养殖业的快速发展,奶牛粪便已成为洱海流域农业面源污染的重要来源。通过在洱海流域内设置2年田间定位试验,研究施用牛粪对土壤-油菜系统氮素转化的影响,为洱海流域畜禽粪便资源化还田利用提供理论依据。在大理洱海流域水稻-油菜水旱轮作模式下,设置不施肥(CK)、施用化肥(NPK)、化肥与牛粪配施(NPK+S)、牛粪施用(2S)、倍增牛粪施用(4S)五种处理的田间小区试验,研究施用牛粪对油菜季土壤铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、可溶性有机氮(DON)、微生物量氮(SMB-N)和全氮(TN)的影响,及对油菜地上部氮素养分吸收利用的情况。施用牛粪处理的土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮含量均低于化肥单施处理,微生物量氮高于化肥单施处理,施用牛粪可减控土壤可溶性氮素流失,提高土壤微生物氮库容量,但不同牛粪施用量处理间差异较小,牛粪与化肥配施效果最好,牛粪施用对提高和保持土壤全氮含量的效果随时间延长,其效果显著,相比CK提高土壤全氮含量8.74%~13.69%,相比NPK提高9.53%~14.53%。牛粪施用处理相比化肥单施能提高油菜籽粒的吸氮量,提高幅度达8.51%~17.96%,倍增牛粪施用相比牛粪施用未能提高油菜籽粒吸氮量,仅提高油菜秸秆的吸氮量。综合土壤肥力和油菜产量,洱海流域油菜季较优施肥方式是牛粪与化肥配施,能提高油菜氮收获指数,促进氮养分向油菜籽粒转移,增加经济产量,同时能提高和保持土壤微生物量氮和全氮含量,增强土壤供氮能力。 Dali is one of the earliest dairy areas in South China. With the rapid development of dairy farming, dairy manure has become an important source of agricultural non-point source pollution in the Erhai Lake Basin. By setting a 2-year field experiment in Erhai Lake basin, the effects of cow dung on nitrogen transformation of soil-canola system were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of livestock manure in Erhai Lake Basin. Under the paddy and rapeseed rotation mode of Erhai Lake in Dali Region, CK, NPK, NPK + S, 2S, 4S) were used to study the effects of applying cow dung on soil organic nitrogen (NH_4 ~ + -N), nitrate nitrogen (NO_3 ~ -N), soluble organic nitrogen (DON), microbial biomass nitrogen (SMB-N) and total nitrogen (TN), as well as the absorption and utilization of nitrogen in shoot aerial parts. The contents of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and soluble organic nitrogen in soil treated with cow manure were lower than those treated with chemical fertilizer alone, and the microbial biomass nitrogen was higher than that of chemical fertilizer alone. The application of cow manure could reduce the loss of soil soluble nitrogen and improve the soil Microbial nitrogen storage capacity, but there was no significant difference between different manure application rates, and cow manure and chemical fertilizer had the best effect. The effect of cow manure application on increasing and maintaining total nitrogen content of soil increased with time, and the effect was significant CK increased soil total nitrogen content 8.74% ~ 13.69%, compared with NPK increased 9.53% ~ 14.53%. Compared with single application of fertilizer, manure application could increase the nitrogen uptake of rapeseed, which increased by 8.51% -17.96%. Compared with cow manure, double application of cow manure failed to increase nitrogen uptake of rapeseed, Nitrogen absorption. Comprehensive soil fertility and rapeseed yield, erhai optimal combination of cattle manure and chemical fertilizers in Erhai Lake Basin can improve rapeseed nitrogen harvest index, promote the transfer of nitrogen nutrients to rapeseed, increase economic yield, and improve and maintain soil microbial biomass Nitrogen and total nitrogen content, enhance soil nitrogen supply capacity.