明清易代,政治上发生民族政权的转移,文化上出现满汉异质文化的冲突和碰撞。作为汉文化的代言人,明遗民面对新朝和异质文化生发出禾黍之悲与身份归属的焦虑。为了寻找文化生存意义,以便在“异族”统治下求得灵魂的安顿,遗民或于历史上找寻“人格认同”,或在现实的经验世界寻求身份认同的“符号化表达”。遗民们的此种追寻既基于一种自我尊严,也源于一种文化尊严。 In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a political shift in the national power and cultural conflicts and collisions with different cultures of Manchu and Han. As the spokesman for Han culture, the Ming dynasty faced the anxiety of grievances and identity belonging to the new dynasty and the heterogeneous culture. In order to find the meaning of cultural survival so as to settle the soul under the rule of “alien” people, the descendants or historians may find “personality identification” or seek “symbolic expression” of identity in the realistic experience world. Such pursuit of the descendants is based on a sense of dignity and also of a cultural dignity.