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自1840年中国的国门被打开以来,先后经历了两次鸦片战争的失败,对世界格局的认识逐渐由以天朝上国自居到揭开中西力量对比差距的新篇章,被动式调整军事力量的分布抵御外敌。“中国逐步由主权完整国沦为半殖民地半封建化的国家,开启了中国历史的屈辱史。即便清政府的统治者在思想上闭关锁国,对西方列强知之甚少,要维持历代在东方世界的光荣地位,根本否认那个日益强盛的西方世界。”但仍旧一步一步被迫地适应着新的世界格局的出现。学术界
Since the country was opened in 1840, China has undergone two failed opium wars. The understanding of the world pattern has been gradually reshaped by taking the heavenly and the dynastic national supremacy to reveal a new chapter in the disparity between the forces of China and the West and adjusting the distribution of military forces passively foreign enemy. “China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudalized country from an entire sovereign state, opening a history of humiliation in Chinese history.” Even if the ruler of the Qing government was ideologically closed-door state, it knew little about the Western powers and maintained the historical Glorious position, simply denying that increasingly powerful Western world. “” But still step by step forced to adapt to the emergence of a new world structure. academia