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一、前言钢轨是铁路轨道的重要部件。近年来随着运输量增加,行车速度提高,轴重加大,无缝长轨的铺设等,都给钢轨的使用带来不少问题。目前铁路上感到威胁行车安全的主要因素是钢轨疲劳断裂。据我们调查,沈阳铁路局辽阳工务段1973年发生重伤钢轨66根,其中疲劳损伤者就有33根,占50％;1974年1～10月,发生重伤钢轨63根,其中疲劳损伤者就有40根,占63％。由于钢轨疲劳损伤断裂而造成翻车恶性事故多次出现,严重危及人民生命、国家财产的安全。因此分析钢轨疲劳断裂原因,改善钢轨质量,已经提到日程上来。钢轨疲劳断裂就是在车辆通过时产生的交变载荷作用下钢轨横向折断,断口上有核状的亮斑或暗斑,铁路上统称为“核伤”或分别称之为“白核”、“黑核”。为了与稀土重轨钢比较,在北京铁科院金化所、铁建所、沈阳铁路局、瓦房店工务段、辽阳工务段、唐山工务段、保定工务段协助下,我们对钢轨疲劳断裂作了分析。
First, the preface rail is an important part of the railway track. In recent years, with the increase of traffic volume, traffic speed increase, axle load increase, seamless long-track laying, etc., all bring many problems to the use of rails. The main factor that threatens the driving safety on the railway at present is the rail fatigue fracture. According to our investigation, there were 66 seriously injured rails in Liaoyang Section of Shenyang Railway Bureau in 1973, of which 33 were injured by fatigue, accounting for 50%. From January to October 1974, there were 63 seriously injured rails, among which fatigue damage 40, accounting for 63%. Due to rail fatigue damage and fracture caused by rollover accidents occur many times, seriously endangering people’s lives and the safety of state property. Therefore, analysis of the causes of rail fatigue fracture, improve rail quality, has come to the agenda. Rail fatigue fracture is caused by the alternating load generated when the vehicle passes under the lateral fracture of the rail, the fracture of nuclear-like bright spots or dark spots, the railway collectively referred to as “nuclear injury” or respectively referred to as “white nucleus”, “ Black nucleus. ” In order to compare with rare earth heavy rail steel, with the help of Jinhua Iron and Steel Institute, Beijing Railway Construction Institute, Shenyang Railway Bureau, Wafangdian Public Works Section, Liaoyang Public Works Section, Tangshan Public Works Section and Baoding Public Works Section, Made an analysis.