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Compared with traditional optical fiber lasers,double-clad photonic crystal fiber (PCF) lasers have larger surfacearea-to-volume ratios.With an increase of output power,thermal effects may severely restrict output power and deteriorate beam quality of fiber lasers.We utilize the heat-conduction equations to estimate the maximum output power of a double-clad PCF laser under natural-convection,air-cooling,and water-cooling conditions in terms of a certain surface-volume heat ratio of the PCF.The thermal effects hence define an upper power limit of double-clad PCF lasers when scaling output power.