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历史上,霍乱的地方性流行通常发生在南亚和东南亚,但自1961年以来,由El Tor生物型霍乱弧菌引起的霍乱流行遍及亚洲的大部分、中东、非洲和欧洲的一些地区。霍乱主要通过摄入受污染的水和食物感染,人-人传播少见。在霍乱流行的国家内,按通常的旅游路线和标准的膳宿供应,旅游者实际上并无感染的危险。霍乱菌苗无论是用古典生物型或El Tor生物型菌株制备的霍乱菌苗,其效果均有限。在霍乱地方性流行区的现场试验表明,在接种3～6
Historically, endemic cholera epidemically occurred in South and Southeast Asia, but since 1961 the cholera epidemic caused by El Tor biotype Vibrio cholerae has spread to most parts of Asia, the Middle East, Africa and parts of Europe. Cholera is mainly transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water and food and human-human transmission is rare. In cholera-endemic countries, travelers are virtually free from the risk of infection, provided they are provided with the usual route of travel and standard accommodation. Cholera vaccines Cholera vaccines, whether prepared from classical or El Tor biotype strains, have limited efficacy. Field trials in endemic areas of cholera show that vaccination occurs 3 to 6 days