下个世纪需要大量的替代能源的供应。据推测,在下一个100年里世界能源对矿物燃料的需要量将大幅度增加。世界能源消费的增加加剧了能源需求与环境、社会和经济平衡的挑战。 能源消费的历史(图1)给人以深刻的印象,尤其是二次世界大战后30年里,对矿物燃料的需求每年平均以超过5％的速度增长。一种燃料类型向另一种类型的转化过程可以为我们提供一些关于能源系统的动态变化和产生这种变化的推动力的有价值的认识(图2)。例如,本世纪初煤取代木材成为主要能源,是新技术带来的结果,尤其是蒸汽机和吹风锅炉的发明。后 The next century will require a substantial supply of alternative energy. Presumably, the world energy demand for fossil fuels will increase significantly in the next 100 years. The increase in world energy consumption exacerbates the challenge of energy demand and environmental, social and economic balance. The history of energy consumption (Figure 1) is impressive, especially since the second 30 years of World War II, where the demand for fossil fuels has grown at an average annual rate of more than 5%. One type of fuel conversion to another can give us some valuable insight into the dynamics of the energy system and the drivers of such changes (Figure 2). For example, the replacement of wood with coal as the primary source of energy at the beginning of this century is the result of new technologies, especially the invention of steam and blower boilers. Rear