青光眼是严重损害视力的常见眼病，其病理基础是视网膜神经节细胞及其纤维的丧失。关于青光眼视网膜神经节细胞损伤的机制，迄今未明。以往曾有“机械学说”和“血流学说”等。近年来，随着分子生物学的发展，对青光眼视网膜神经节细胞损伤机制的研究进一步深入。综述了青光眼视网膜神经节细胞超微结构、轴浆运输以及凋亡等几个方面的研究进展。 Glaucoma is a common eye disease that severely damages vision and is based on the loss of retinal ganglion cells and their fibers. The mechanism of retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma has not yet been elucidated. In the past there have been “mechanical theory” and “blood flow theory” and so on. In recent years, with the development of molecular biology, the mechanism of retinal ganglion cell injury in glaucoma is further studied. The progress of retinal ganglion cell ultrastructure, axonal transport and apoptosis in glaucoma were reviewed.