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目的识别海洋科研作业可能存在的职业病危害因素,分析其来源、分布和接触方式,提出预防控制措施。方法采用现场职业卫生调查法、系统工程分析法和文献复用法等方法,识别海洋科研工作场所可能存在的职业病危害因素,从存在特征、接触方式、接触时间、主要危害特性及影响的岗位5个方面分析危害因素的接触特点,预测其危害程度,针对有关职业病危害因素提出工作场所和个人防护的关键预防控制措施。结果海洋科研作业具有间断作业与连续作业并存,季节性、短期与长期作业并存的特征,作业人员主要为观察、采样、探测和实验岗位,可能接触的职业病危害因素包括物理因素、化学有害因素、生物因素和放射性因素。物理因素以噪声、高温、低温和紫外辐射危害为主,化学有害因素以苯、酸、碱和醛类为主。观察、采样、探测和实验岗位的作业人员均可接触噪声、高温、低温、微波、全身振动,低温和高气压对采样和探测岗位的潜水人员危害最大,实验岗位接触化学毒物为主,观察岗位的职业病危害程度相对较低。结论海洋科研作业可能存在的各种职业病危害因素以慢性影响为主,但接触实验试剂、高温和高气压存在发生急性危害的风险,作业启动前应做好各种危害的前期预防工作。
Objective To identify possible occupational hazards that may exist in marine scientific research operations, analyze their sources, distribution and contact methods and put forward prevention and control measures. Methods The methods of on-the-spot occupational health investigation, systematic engineering analysis and literature review were used to identify possible occupational hazards in marine scientific research workplaces. From the aspects of existence characteristics, contact methods, exposure time, major hazard characteristics and influence positions 5 Analyze the contact characteristics of the hazard factors in one aspect, predict the degree of harm, and propose the key prevention and control measures for workplace and personal protection against the occupational hazards. Results The marine scientific research operations have the characteristics of intermittent operation and continuous operation, and seasonal, short-term and long-term operation. The operators are mainly observing, sampling, probing and experimental positions. Occupational hazards that may come into contact include physical factors, chemical hazards, Biological factors and radioactive factors. The physical factors are noise, high temperature, low temperature and UV radiation hazards, chemical harmful factors to benzene, acid, alkali and aldehydes. Observing, sampling, probing and experimental positions of workers are exposed to noise, high temperature, low temperature, microwave, body vibration, low temperature and high pressure on the sampling and detection of the most dangerous diving personnel, experimental exposure to chemical poisoning, observation posts The degree of occupational hazards is relatively low. Conclusion There are many chronic occupational hazards that may exist in marine research operations. However, there is a risk of acute hazards when exposed to laboratory reagents, high temperatures and high pressures. Pre-prevention work should be done for all kinds of hazards before the operation is started.