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张新华在1989年的《社会科学报》发表文章,认为,迄今为止企业管理思想和管理方式有过三次革命。第一,现代工业革命开始时,企业界中占主导地位的管理形式是单个的天才创业者的管理,形成了企业家以个人意志和个性品质主宰企业的管理方式。第二,当工业社会越来越复杂化以至无法进行个人管理时,就产生了一种新的管理形式,由一群称为经理的管理层时企业实施管理。第三,目前一种新的管理形式正在向旧形式挑战,这就是“参与式”管理。即通过一定的参与性组织机制,如工会组织、职工代表机
Zhang Xinhua published an article in the “Journal of Social Science,” in 1989. He believes that so far there have been three revolutions in corporate management thinking and management methods. First, at the beginning of the modern industrial revolution, the dominant form of management in the business world was the management of individual talented entrepreneurs, which formed a management style in which entrepreneurs dominated the enterprise with personal will and personality quality. Second, when the industrial society becomes more and more complex and unable to perform personal management, a new form of management has emerged. The management is implemented by a group of managements called managers. Third, a new form of management is currently challenging the old form. This is “participatory” management. That is, through a certain participatory organization mechanism, such as trade union organization, employee representative machine