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所谓国家战略技术及其产业发展,通常是指在一国经济、社会发展中占有重要地位,能够体现国家的战略意图,对经济社会发展和国家安全有着重要影响力的技术和产业发展。在战略技术与产业发展的政策与实残上,中国与发达国家仍存在较大差距。 从20世纪后期开始,在全球化、信息化背景下,世界各国经济相互依存度加深,相互竞争加剧,国际经济格局发生深刻变化。新的经济格局推动了新一轮技术创新、技术扩散以及技术与产业的国际竞争。由于技术体系日益国际化,各国政府、尤其发达国家失去许多通过技术投资或限制技术传播来施加控制、保持技术和经济优势的能力。 因此,为在国际竞争中保持优势,发达国家对战略技术的政策由“防守”(通过限制技术扩散保持优势)转向“进攻”(通过政府扶持的系统创新拉大技术差距),各国先后开始选择对某些直接关系到国家经济繁荣和国家安全的技术和产业加强干预,并已初步显现出效果。 对中国而言,经济发展的艰难性在于,既要使国民经济体系全面的工业化,又要保证在一些领域缩小与发达国家的差距,在国际竞争中不断提高自己的位置,获得最大的经济利益。如何切合实际地确定自己的战略技术,通过市场行为满足国家意志,提高中国的国际竞争力,即成为中国政府21世纪所面临的重大任务之一。
The so-called national strategic technology and its industrial development usually refer to the technological and industrial development that occupy an important position in the economic and social development of a country, embody the strategic intent of the country, and have an important influence on economic and social development and national security. In the policy and reality of strategic technology and industrial development, there is still a big gap between China and the developed countries. Starting from the latter part of the 20th century, under the background of globalization and informationization, the interdependence of countries in the world has deepened, competition has intensified, and profound changes have taken place in the international economic pattern. The new economic pattern has promoted a new round of technological innovation, technology diffusion and international competition in technology and industry. Due to the increasingly internationalization of technological systems, governments of various countries, especially the developed countries, have lost many of their ability to exert control and maintain their technological and economic advantages by investing in technology or limiting the spread of technology. Therefore, in order to maintain their advantages in the international competition, the developed countries’ policies on strategic technologies are shifted from “defense” (keeping the superiority by limiting technological proliferation) to “offensive” (widening the technology gap through system innovation supported by the government) and countries have successively chosen Intervene in some technologies and industries that are directly related to the country’s economic prosperity and national security and have shown initial results. For China, the difficult part of economic development lies in the need to comprehensively industrialize the national economy while ensuring that the gap with developed countries is narrowed in some areas, continuously increasing its position and gaining the greatest economic benefits in international competition . How to determine its own strategic technology in a practical way and meet the will of the country through market actions to improve China’s international competitiveness has become one of the major tasks the Chinese government faces in the 21st century.