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Most land plants form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi.These are the most common and widespread terrestrial plant symbioses,which have a global impact on plant mineral nutrition.The establishment of AM symbiosis involves recognition of the two partners and bidirectional transport of different mineral and carbon nutrients through the symbiotic interfaces within the host root cells.Intriguingly,recent discoveries have highlighted that lipids are transferred from the plant host to AM fungus as a major carbon source.In this review,we discuss the transporter-mediated transfer of carbon,nitrogen,phosphate,potassium and sulfate,and present hypotheses pertaining to the potential regulatory mechanisms of nutrient exchange in AM symbiosis.Current challenges and future perspectives on AM symbiosis research are also discussed.