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覆膜栽培能提高旱地小麦产量,但降低了籽粒蛋白质含量,优化施肥是解决这一问题的有效措施之一。2013年9月至2016年9月,在黄土高原中部典型旱地进行田间定位试验,比较传统平作(不覆盖+均匀施肥)、垄覆沟播(垄上覆膜+垄间沟播+均匀施肥)和膜侧施肥(垄上覆膜+垄间沟播+播种行侧膜下定位施肥)栽培模式下,0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量和0~200 cm土壤水分,以及膜侧施肥对小麦氮素吸收利用、产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用的影响。与传统平作相比,在偏旱的2013—2014和2015—2016年度,垄覆沟播的小麦产量分别提高9.5%和6.3%,籽粒蛋白质含量降低7.1%和9.9%,水分利用效率提高5.8%和8.7%,而膜侧施肥的小麦产量提高18.8%和22.8%,籽粒蛋白质含量无显著变化,水分利用效率提高13.2%和19.6%;在偏湿润的2014—2015年度,垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥对小麦产量无影响,但膜侧施肥的籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率分别提高6.0%和17.0%。与垄覆沟播相比,膜侧施肥在偏湿润年份使生长季内100~200 cm土壤水分消耗显著减少,而在偏旱年份使夏休闲季土壤蓄水显著增加,开花和收获期0~40 cm土壤硝态氮、根系全氮以及开花期茎叶全氮含量升高,促进了小麦营养器官氮素吸收、积累及其向籽粒的转运,提高了旱地小麦产量,籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率。在偏干旱的2013—2014和2015—2016年度,膜侧施肥较垄覆沟播产量分别提高8.4%和15.5%,籽粒蛋白质含量提高9.9%和8.7%,水分利用效率提高7.0%和10.0%;在偏湿润的2014—2015年度,两处理产量无显著差异,但膜侧施肥的籽粒蛋白质含量提高6.0%。因此,膜侧施肥可维持旱地小麦生育后期的土壤氮供应,提高小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率,增加下季播前深层土壤贮水,是适宜于旱区推广的小麦栽培模式。
Film-mulching cultivation can increase the yield of wheat in dryland, but reduce the grain protein content. Optimizing fertilization is one of the effective measures to solve this problem. From September 2013 to September 2016, field experiments were conducted in the typical drylands in the central Loess Plateau, comparing with conventional flat planting (without covering + uniform fertilization), ridge furrow planting (furrow covering + ridge furrow planting + uniform fertilization) And the film side fertilization (ridge cover film + furrow sowing + sowing line lateral filming fertilization), the nitrate nitrogen content and 0-200 cm soil water content in 0 ~ 40 cm soil layer and the film side fertilizer application Effect of nitrogen uptake and utilization, yield, grain protein content and water use of wheat. Compared with the conventional flat cropping, wheat yields increased by 9.5% and 6.3%, respectively, in the drought-stricken 2013-2014 and 2015-2016, grain protein content decreased by 7.1% and 9.9%, and water use efficiency increased by 5.8% And 8.7% respectively. However, the yield of wheat fertilized by membrane fertilization increased by 18.8% and 22.8%, and the grain protein content did not change significantly. The water use efficiency increased by 13.2% and 19.6%, respectively. In partial wetting 2014-2015, The side fertilization had no effect on the yield of wheat, but the protein content and water use efficiency of the grain side fertilization increased by 6.0% and 17.0% respectively. Compared with furrow sowing and furrow sowing, film side fertilization significantly reduced soil water consumption in 100 ~ 200 cm soil depth during the growing season, but significantly increased soil water storage during the summer drought season in flowering and harvesting stages, Nitrate nitrogen, total root nitrogen, and total nitrogen in the stems and leaves of 40 cm soil layer increased soil nitrogen uptake and accumulation in wheat vegetative organs and their transport to grain, and increased wheat yield, grain protein content and water use in dry land effectiveness. Compared with ridge furrow sowing, the yield of film side fertilization increased by 8.4% and 15.5%, the grain protein content increased by 9.9% and 8.7%, and the water use efficiency increased by 7.0% and 10.0% respectively in the periods of drought and drought in 2013-2014 and 2015-2016. There was no significant difference in the two treatments between 2014 and 2015 in partial wetting, but the protein content of the grain-side fertilization increased by 6.0%. Therefore, the film side fertilization can maintain the soil nitrogen supply in the later growing stage of wheat in dryland, improve the wheat yield, grain protein content and water use efficiency, and increase the soil water storage before deep sowing in the next season.