多轨多元化是美国科技体制的特点。它既不同于苏联等国的集中统一管理,也与英、德等西欧国家的体制有别。这是因为,美国是联邦制国家,没有全国性的统一计划经济,同样也不可能制订全国性科学技术发展规划。因此,联邦政府对全国科学技术研究,并不实行统一领导和全面管理。而只是通过联邦政府实行的“三权分立”制度系统(即立法、司法、行政三个方面)同时对全国的科技活动进行干预,其中立法和行政两方面的作用最大。所谓干预,主要是政府通过某些经济手段和国家法令对全国科技发展直接或间接地施加影响。随着 Multitrack diversity is a feature of the U.S. science and technology system. It is different from the centralized and unified management of the Soviet Union and other countries, but also differs from the systems of Western European countries such as Britain and Germany. This is because the United States is a federal state. Without a unified national planned economy, it is equally impossible to formulate a national plan for the development of science and technology. Therefore, the federal government does not exercise unified leadership and overall management of the national science and technology research. But only through the federal system of “separation of powers” system (that is, legislative, judicial and administrative aspects) at the same time to intervene in science and technology activities throughout the country, of which the legislative and administrative roles of both. The so-called intervention is mainly because the government directly or indirectly exerts influence over the development of science and technology in the country through certain economic instruments and state decrees. along with