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国有企业改革一直是经济体制改革的中心环节,而从1978年至1992年,国企一直步履维艰,很大程度上制约着整个经济体制的改革。自1978年扩大企业经营自主权到1992年的转换企业经营机制,国企改革措施出台了很多,然而它们都只是阶段性或局部范围发挥作用。那么,这些改革措施违背了哪些准则呢?1993年党的十四届三中全会从微观角度提出了建立现代企业制度,为国有企业改革指明了方向;1995年党的十四届五中全会从宏观角度提出了调整国有经济布局,明确了国有经济的定位问题,即把原来国有经济在国民经济中的主体地位改变为主导地位。建立现代企业制度和调整国有经济布局经过这些年的实施,大批国有企业走出困境,国企改革迎来了新的发展。今后,我们必然还要出台一些改革措施,那么,我们应该以什么准则为指导呢?我认为主要有矛盾性准则、成本准则、可接受性准则、中介性准则和生产力准则等五项,具体分析如下:
The reform of state-owned enterprises has always been a central link in the reform of the economic system. From 1978 to 1992, state-owned enterprises have been struggling to a large extent, which has constrained the reform of the entire economic system to a large extent. Since the expansion of business autonomy in 1978 and the transformation of business management mechanisms in 1992, state-owned enterprises have introduced a lot of reform measures. However, they have only played a role in a phased or partial scope. Then, what criteria were violated by these reform measures? In 1993, the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee proposed the establishment of a modern enterprise system from a microscopic perspective, pointing the way for the reform of state-owned enterprises; the Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th Party Congress in 1995 was From the macro perspective, we proposed adjustments to the layout of the state-owned economy and clarified the positioning of the state-owned economy, that is, changing the dominant position of the state-owned economy in the national economy to the dominant position. After the implementation of the establishment of a modern enterprise system and adjustment of the state-owned economy, the large number of state-owned enterprises have emerged from the predicament, and the state-owned enterprise reform has ushered in new development. In the future, we must also introduce some reform measures. Then, what criteria should we use as a guide? I think there are mainly five contradictory criteria, cost guidelines, acceptability criteria, intermediary standards, and productivity guidelines. as follows: