Using social exchange theory,this study investigated residents’ attitudes toward the preliminary stage of tourism development in nature reserves in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of China,and the socio-economic and negative effects of residents’ attitude toward the tourist industry.Results of the questionnaire survey indicated that local people perceived they could benefit from the economic activities related to tourism,and were supportive of the conservation of natural resources and local culture,sustainable community development,and community participation in ecotourism planning and management.This study also revealed that the variables of age,gender,education level,household income,family size,non-farm work arrangements,and the distance to tourism attractions,have significant association with respondents’ attitudes toward ecotourism development,or negative impacts of the tourist industry.Respondents who are male,or have a higher household income,are more supportive of tourism development inside the reserve.Younger and more highly educated community members are more likely to support learning more about natural and cultural resources and landscapes.Respondents who have a higher household income,or live far from the village center,are more concerned about the negative environmental impacts of tourism development. Using social exchange theory, this study investigated residents ’attitudes toward the preliminary stage of tourism development in nature reserves in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of China, and the socio-economic and negative effects of residents’ attitude toward the tourist industry. Results of the questionnaire survey indicated that local people perceived they could benefit from the economic activities related to tourism, and were supportive of the conservation of natural resources and local culture, sustainable community development, and community participation in ecotourism planning and management.This study also revealed that the variables of age, gender, education level, household income, family size, non-farm work arrangements, and the distance to tourism attractions, have significant association with respondents’ attitudes toward ecotourism development, or negative impacts of the tourist industry. Residents who are male , or have a higher household income, are more supportive of tourism deve lopment inside the reserve. Young and more highly educated community members are more likely to support learning more about natural and cultural resources and landscapes.Respondents who have a higher household income, or live far from the village center, are more concerned about the negative environmental impacts of tourism development.