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清末北方军事集团,前后有两个界定:一是洋务运动时期以李鸿章为首的“北洋海军军事集团”;二是新政时期至北洋前期以袁世凯为首的“新建陆军军事集团”。二者前后并没有直系的承接关系,但他们在创办军事教育方面都做出有目共睹的成就,促进了中国教育,尤其是军事科技教育的现代化发展,对中国近代社会产生重要影响。同时也应该看到,由于军事集团创办并掌握教育主导权,导致教育的集团化和教育的私人化,形成中国军队派系对立,是最终促成近代中国军阀割据局面出现的重要因素。
In the late Qing Dynasty, the northern military blocs had two definitions: one was the “Northern Naval Military Group” led by Li Hongzhang during the Westernization Movement; the other was the “new Army Military Group” headed by Yuan Shikai during the period from the New Deal to the Northern Front. However, both of them have made obvious achievements in establishing military education and promoted the modernization of education in China, especially the military science and technology education, which has an important influence on the modern society in China. At the same time, it should also be noted that the formation of the factional opposition between Chinese militaries and the formation of the collectivization of education and the privatization of education led to the emergence of military groups as the key factor that eventually led to the formation of the warlord separatism in modern China.