教科书编写过程是政府与学界共同制造知识的过程,双方在生产一种“合法”知识过程中充满了文化与政治的矛盾。清末政府希望新教育培养既能维护清朝统治、又能振发国民志气的新式国民。作为学校教育主要载体的中国历史教科书,与政府教育目标有所分合:在振发国民志气方面有相同之处,能够配合政府实现培养新式国民的教育目标;但对“忠君”与维护清朝统治有不同看法,更多反映的是编者对培养新式国民的理解。学者们在编写教科书时,一方面会在某种程度上配合政府的教育目标,一方面又与国家意识形态有所疏离,这使得教科书和政府与学界的期许都有一定的距离,从而影响到通过学校教育而形成的民众知识观念,也蕴含着社会意识演变的多种可能性。 The textbook compilation process is a process of jointly making knowledge between the government and academic circles. Both parties are full of cultural and political contradictions in the process of producing a “legal” knowledge. In the late Qing Dynasty, the government hoped that the new education would cultivate new nationals who can both maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty and inspire the national aspirations. The Chinese history textbook, which is the main carrier of school education, is divided into the goals of government education: they are similar in striving for the ambition of the nation, and they can cooperate with the government to achieve the education goal of cultivating the new national. However, There are different views on the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and more on the editors’ understanding of cultivating new nationals. Scholars in the preparation of textbooks, on the one hand will be to some extent with the government’s educational goals, on the one hand, and alienated from national ideology, which makes the textbook and the government and academic expectations are to a certain extent, thus affecting The concept of popular knowledge formed through school education also contains many possibilities for the evolution of social consciousness.