论文部分内容阅读
虚拟语气所表示的动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。在此，我们着重谈谈虚拟语气在if引导的非真实条件状语从句和其他形式的状语从句中的用法。
一、虚拟语气用于if引导的非真实条件句。
虚拟条件句所表示的假设是不可能发生或实现的，从句和主句皆用虚拟语气。通常有以下三种情况：
1. 与现在事实相反，从句动词用过去式（be动词用were），主句动词用would/should/could/might+动词原形。例如：
If I were you， I should seize the opportunity to study abroad. 如果我是你，我會抓住这次出国学习的机会。
If he had time， he would/could/might go with you. 如果他有时间，他会和你一起去的。
2. 与过去事实相反，从句动词用had+过去分词，主句动词用would/should/could/might+过去分词。例如：
If you had studied harder last term， you could have passed the exam. 如果你上学期努力学习的话，你这次考试就会及格了。
We would have won if we had thousands of fans screaming. 如果我们有成千上万的球迷呐喊助威的话，我们就会赢。
3. 与将来事实相反，从句动词用过去式或should+动词原形或were to+动词原形，主句动词用would/should/could/might+动词原形。例如：
If I had/were to have/should have enough money some day， I would travel around the world. 将来如果我有足够的钱，我将到全世界旅游。
If everyone decided to be cloned， there would be a population explosion. 如果人人都去克隆，人口就会爆炸。
注意 might/should/could/would情态动词在虚拟语气主句中的含义：
If he tried it again， he might succeed. 再试一次，他或许能成功。
If he tried it again， he should succeed. 再试一次，他应该能成功。
If he tried it again， he could succeed. 再试一次，他就能成功。
If he tried it again， he would succeed. 再试一次，他一定会成功。
二、使用虚拟条件句需要注意的几个问题。
1. if虚拟条件句中的倒装
在if引导的虚拟条件句中，如有were，should，had在条件句中，可以省去if把were，should，had提前，使用倒装语序。例如：
If I were in your position， I would not do that silly thing. = Were I in your position， I would not do that silly thing. 如果我处在你的位置，我就不会做那种蠢事。
If it had not been for the fact that she could not sing， I would have invited her to my birthday party last night. = Had it not been for the fact that she could not sing， I would have invited her to my birthday party last night. 要不是她不会唱歌，昨天晚上我会邀请她参加我的生日聚会。
注意 若省略的条件句的谓语动词是否定形式，则不能用动词的缩略形式。我们可以说，Had it not been for his help， I wouldn’t have finished the work on time. 但不能说Hadn’t it been for his help， I would not have finished the work on time. 要不是因为他的帮助，我将无法按时完成工作。
2. 错综时间条件句
通常情况下，在非真实条件句中的主句和从句所指的时间是一致的，即主从句的谓语动词要么都是与现在的事实相反要么都是与过去的事实相反。但是有时候虚拟条件句中的动作与主句发生的时间不一致，因此主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择相应的动词形式，我们把这种情况称为错综时间虚拟条件句。例如：
If you had taken my advice， you would not be in such a trouble now. 如果你听了我的建议，你现在就不会有这样的麻烦了。（从句指过去，主句指现在）
If I were not to take the exam tomorrow， I would have gone to your party yesterday. 如果不是我明天要考试，昨天我就参加你的聚会了。（从句指将来，主句指过去）
3. 省略主句的条件句
If only常用来引导省略主句的虚拟条件句。这种条件句常表示不可能实现的愿望。表示现在用“过去式”，表示将来用“would+动词原形”，表示过去用 “had+过去分词”。例如： If only he would join the army！ 要是他能参军就好了！
If only I were young again. 多希望青春重在。
If only she had looked ahead and planned better！ 她要是向前看，计划得更周到些就好了！
4. 若条件句中表示与事实的虚拟，而主句表示事实时，则条件从句用虚拟语气，而主句不用虚拟语气。例如：
If you should be fired， your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. 如果你被解雇了，你的医疗保险和其他福利不会马上停止发放。（从句是虚拟用should+do，而主句是事实用 will+do）
Should you change your mind， let me know. 如果你改变主意，请通知我。（从句是虚拟，用should提前倒装，而主句是事实用let）
5. 在If it were not （had not been） for ... 句型中的虚拟语气：
If it were not for ... 是一种常见的句式，表示对现在相反的虚拟条件。而 If it had not been for则表示与过去相反的虚拟条件，意为“若不是，若没有”。
If it were not for water， no plant could grow. 要是没有水，植物就无法生长。
If it had not been for the doctor， he would have died. 要不是医生救了他，他就死了。
三、虚拟语气用于状语从句
1.虚拟语气用于as if/though引导的方式状语从句
①与现在情况相反，从句谓语用过去时（be 动词为were）。例如：
John pretends as if he did not know the thing at all. 约翰装得好像根本不知道这件事似的。
②与过去情况相反，从句谓语用过去完成时。例如：
He speaks as if he had studied it in England before. 他說英语就好像他以前在英国学习过一样。
③将来情况相反，从句用would/could do。例如：
It looks as if he could/would live for another century. 他看起来似乎还能活过一个世纪。
当然，as if/though引导表语从句或方式状语从句时，如果所表示的情况是事实或有很大可能性，通常用陈述语气。例如：
It looks it is going to rain. 看样子好像要下雨。
2. 虚拟语气用于even if/even though引导的让步状语从句
①动词过去时（与现在事实相反），例如：
Even if you had enough money， you could not buy the lost time. 即使有钱，你也买不回失去的时间。
②had+过去分词（与过去事实相反），例如：
He would not have succeeded， even though he had worked hard. 即使他努力了他也不会成功的。
③should+动词原形（与将来事实相反）例如：
I would not lose courage， even if I should fail ten times. 即使失败10次，我也不会灰心。
3. 虚拟语气用于so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句
从句的谓语动词前常用can/could， may/might， will/would等，其时态应与主句谓语动词的时态一致。例如：
He ran fast so that/ in order that he could catch the person ahead. 他跑得很快以便赶上他前面的那个人。
Speak clearly so that/ on order that they may understand you. 讲清楚点以便别人能听懂你的话。
4. 虚拟语气用于lest（以免……）， for fear that（以防……）引导的目的状语从句。
句中动词多用“should+动词原形”。In case（万一，以防，免得） 引导的目的状语从句既可用陈述语气也可用虚拟语气（形式是“should+动词原形”）。例如：
The thief was wearing a pair of sun-glasses for fear that he should be picked out by the police. 那个小偷带着一副墨镜以防被警察认出来。
Be careful lest you should fall from the tree. 要当心，以免从树上摔下来。
He left early in case he should miss the last train. 他动身早以免误了最后一班火车。
1. Look at the trouble I am in. If only I （follow）. 看看我现在的麻烦，要是我当初听了你的建议就好了。
2. Nothing could have saved the wounded boy even if he immediately. （attend）
什么也挽救不了这个受伤的男孩子——即使他马上得到了护理。
3. her telephone number，I would have rung her. （forget， 省略if的倒装句）
如果我没有忘记她的电话号码，我就会打电话给她。
4. Without computers， much of today’s advanced technology . （achieve）
如果没有电脑，现今许多先进的技术就不会实现。
5. If I would meet such a big trouble， I might not live here now. （know）
如果我早知道会遇到如此大的麻烦，我可能现在就不会住在这里了。
6. I failed my driving test. If only I ， the chance！（seize）
我考驾照失败了，要是我抓住了这次机会多好啊！
7. The man insisted that he anything and insisted that he right away.（steal， set）.
那个男的坚持说他没有偷任何东西，他坚决要求马上释放他。
8. Our city government has approved the proposal that the new traffic regulations from January1st， 2013. （carry）.
市政府已經批准了从2013年1月1日实施新的交通法规的提议。
9. But for your timely encouragement， I
heart after going through so much difficulty. （lose）
要不是你即时的鼓励，经历这么多的困难后我早就灰心了。
10. It is high time that the disagreement and focus on the subject.
双方是时候把分歧放到一边专注到这个主题上来了。
1. had followed your advice
2. had been attended
3. Had I not forgotten
4. would not have been achieved
5. I had known
6. had seized
7. had not stolen， should be set free
8. （should） be carried out
9. would have been lost
10. both sides should set aside
一、虚拟语气用于if引导的非真实条件句。
虚拟条件句所表示的假设是不可能发生或实现的，从句和主句皆用虚拟语气。通常有以下三种情况：
1. 与现在事实相反，从句动词用过去式（be动词用were），主句动词用would/should/could/might+动词原形。例如：
If I were you， I should seize the opportunity to study abroad. 如果我是你，我會抓住这次出国学习的机会。
If he had time， he would/could/might go with you. 如果他有时间，他会和你一起去的。
2. 与过去事实相反，从句动词用had+过去分词，主句动词用would/should/could/might+过去分词。例如：
If you had studied harder last term， you could have passed the exam. 如果你上学期努力学习的话，你这次考试就会及格了。
We would have won if we had thousands of fans screaming. 如果我们有成千上万的球迷呐喊助威的话，我们就会赢。
3. 与将来事实相反，从句动词用过去式或should+动词原形或were to+动词原形，主句动词用would/should/could/might+动词原形。例如：
If I had/were to have/should have enough money some day， I would travel around the world. 将来如果我有足够的钱，我将到全世界旅游。
If everyone decided to be cloned， there would be a population explosion. 如果人人都去克隆，人口就会爆炸。
注意 might/should/could/would情态动词在虚拟语气主句中的含义：
If he tried it again， he might succeed. 再试一次，他或许能成功。
If he tried it again， he should succeed. 再试一次，他应该能成功。
If he tried it again， he could succeed. 再试一次，他就能成功。
If he tried it again， he would succeed. 再试一次，他一定会成功。
二、使用虚拟条件句需要注意的几个问题。
1. if虚拟条件句中的倒装
在if引导的虚拟条件句中，如有were，should，had在条件句中，可以省去if把were，should，had提前，使用倒装语序。例如：
If I were in your position， I would not do that silly thing. = Were I in your position， I would not do that silly thing. 如果我处在你的位置，我就不会做那种蠢事。
If it had not been for the fact that she could not sing， I would have invited her to my birthday party last night. = Had it not been for the fact that she could not sing， I would have invited her to my birthday party last night. 要不是她不会唱歌，昨天晚上我会邀请她参加我的生日聚会。
注意 若省略的条件句的谓语动词是否定形式，则不能用动词的缩略形式。我们可以说，Had it not been for his help， I wouldn’t have finished the work on time. 但不能说Hadn’t it been for his help， I would not have finished the work on time. 要不是因为他的帮助，我将无法按时完成工作。
2. 错综时间条件句
通常情况下，在非真实条件句中的主句和从句所指的时间是一致的，即主从句的谓语动词要么都是与现在的事实相反要么都是与过去的事实相反。但是有时候虚拟条件句中的动作与主句发生的时间不一致，因此主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择相应的动词形式，我们把这种情况称为错综时间虚拟条件句。例如：
If you had taken my advice， you would not be in such a trouble now. 如果你听了我的建议，你现在就不会有这样的麻烦了。（从句指过去，主句指现在）
If I were not to take the exam tomorrow， I would have gone to your party yesterday. 如果不是我明天要考试，昨天我就参加你的聚会了。（从句指将来，主句指过去）
3. 省略主句的条件句
If only常用来引导省略主句的虚拟条件句。这种条件句常表示不可能实现的愿望。表示现在用“过去式”，表示将来用“would+动词原形”，表示过去用 “had+过去分词”。例如： If only he would join the army！ 要是他能参军就好了！
If only I were young again. 多希望青春重在。
If only she had looked ahead and planned better！ 她要是向前看，计划得更周到些就好了！
4. 若条件句中表示与事实的虚拟，而主句表示事实时，则条件从句用虚拟语气，而主句不用虚拟语气。例如：
If you should be fired， your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. 如果你被解雇了，你的医疗保险和其他福利不会马上停止发放。（从句是虚拟用should+do，而主句是事实用 will+do）
Should you change your mind， let me know. 如果你改变主意，请通知我。（从句是虚拟，用should提前倒装，而主句是事实用let）
5. 在If it were not （had not been） for ... 句型中的虚拟语气：
If it were not for ... 是一种常见的句式，表示对现在相反的虚拟条件。而 If it had not been for则表示与过去相反的虚拟条件，意为“若不是，若没有”。
If it were not for water， no plant could grow. 要是没有水，植物就无法生长。
If it had not been for the doctor， he would have died. 要不是医生救了他，他就死了。
三、虚拟语气用于状语从句
1.虚拟语气用于as if/though引导的方式状语从句
①与现在情况相反，从句谓语用过去时（be 动词为were）。例如：
John pretends as if he did not know the thing at all. 约翰装得好像根本不知道这件事似的。
②与过去情况相反，从句谓语用过去完成时。例如：
He speaks as if he had studied it in England before. 他說英语就好像他以前在英国学习过一样。
③将来情况相反，从句用would/could do。例如：
It looks as if he could/would live for another century. 他看起来似乎还能活过一个世纪。
当然，as if/though引导表语从句或方式状语从句时，如果所表示的情况是事实或有很大可能性，通常用陈述语气。例如：
It looks it is going to rain. 看样子好像要下雨。
2. 虚拟语气用于even if/even though引导的让步状语从句
①动词过去时（与现在事实相反），例如：
Even if you had enough money， you could not buy the lost time. 即使有钱，你也买不回失去的时间。
②had+过去分词（与过去事实相反），例如：
He would not have succeeded， even though he had worked hard. 即使他努力了他也不会成功的。
③should+动词原形（与将来事实相反）例如：
I would not lose courage， even if I should fail ten times. 即使失败10次，我也不会灰心。
3. 虚拟语气用于so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句
从句的谓语动词前常用can/could， may/might， will/would等，其时态应与主句谓语动词的时态一致。例如：
He ran fast so that/ in order that he could catch the person ahead. 他跑得很快以便赶上他前面的那个人。
Speak clearly so that/ on order that they may understand you. 讲清楚点以便别人能听懂你的话。
4. 虚拟语气用于lest（以免……）， for fear that（以防……）引导的目的状语从句。
句中动词多用“should+动词原形”。In case（万一，以防，免得） 引导的目的状语从句既可用陈述语气也可用虚拟语气（形式是“should+动词原形”）。例如：
The thief was wearing a pair of sun-glasses for fear that he should be picked out by the police. 那个小偷带着一副墨镜以防被警察认出来。
Be careful lest you should fall from the tree. 要当心，以免从树上摔下来。
He left early in case he should miss the last train. 他动身早以免误了最后一班火车。
1. Look at the trouble I am in. If only I （follow）. 看看我现在的麻烦，要是我当初听了你的建议就好了。
2. Nothing could have saved the wounded boy even if he immediately. （attend）
什么也挽救不了这个受伤的男孩子——即使他马上得到了护理。
3. her telephone number，I would have rung her. （forget， 省略if的倒装句）
如果我没有忘记她的电话号码，我就会打电话给她。
4. Without computers， much of today’s advanced technology . （achieve）
如果没有电脑，现今许多先进的技术就不会实现。
5. If I would meet such a big trouble， I might not live here now. （know）
如果我早知道会遇到如此大的麻烦，我可能现在就不会住在这里了。
6. I failed my driving test. If only I ， the chance！（seize）
我考驾照失败了，要是我抓住了这次机会多好啊！
7. The man insisted that he anything and insisted that he right away.（steal， set）.
那个男的坚持说他没有偷任何东西，他坚决要求马上释放他。
8. Our city government has approved the proposal that the new traffic regulations from January1st， 2013. （carry）.
市政府已經批准了从2013年1月1日实施新的交通法规的提议。
9. But for your timely encouragement， I
heart after going through so much difficulty. （lose）
要不是你即时的鼓励，经历这么多的困难后我早就灰心了。
10. It is high time that the disagreement and focus on the subject.
双方是时候把分歧放到一边专注到这个主题上来了。
1. had followed your advice
2. had been attended
3. Had I not forgotten
4. would not have been achieved
5. I had known
6. had seized
7. had not stolen， should be set free
8. （should） be carried out
9. would have been lost
10. both sides should set aside