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19世纪末20世纪初,随着西方帝国之间竞争的不断加剧,人口数量和质量日益成为增强国家实力和提高竞争力的重要因素。正是在这个背景下,加上当时各国普遍降低的出生率和持续偏高的婴儿死亡率,婴儿健康问题日益受到国际社会的关注。当然不同国家和地区对于这个问题关注的出发点是不一样的,对于那些在海外拥有广大殖民地的帝国来说,婴儿健康不仅关系到国家的实力,同时也意味着海外殖民地的长期稳定统治问题。那么,对于这些海外殖民地来说,对于婴儿健康问题的关注是在一种怎样的逻辑下展开的呢?当时的政府在改善和提高殖民地婴儿健康水平的过程中扮演着一个怎样的角色呢?本文试图通过分析近代香港婴儿健康服务的兴起与发展,比较政府和非政府组织(华人慈善组织、教会以及私人慈善机构)在其中扮演的角色,并借此考察当时的复杂的社会、经济、政治、文化和种族关系如何形塑了近代香港的婴儿健康政策。同时,文章也通过比较华人婴儿死亡率与非华人婴儿死亡率趋势的变化,来考察婴儿健康服务的实际效果,并借此指出婴儿健康水平的提高亦有赖于总体社会经济水平的改善。
As the competition between the Western Empires intensified in the late 19th and early 20th century, the quantity and quality of the population increasingly became an important factor in strengthening the nation’s strength and enhancing its competitiveness. It is against this backdrop, combined with the generally lower birth rate and the persistently high infant mortality rate prevailing in various countries, the issue of which is of increasing concern to the international community. Of course, the starting point for attention to this issue is different in different countries and regions. For those empires that have vast colonies abroad, infant health is not only related to the state’s strength, but also to the long-term and stable governance of overseas colonies. So what is the logic behind the concern of these overseas colonies about infant health? What role did the government at the time play in improving and improving the health of the infants in colonies? By analyzing the rise and development of infant health services in modern Hong Kong, the author attempts to compare the roles of government and non-governmental organizations (Chinese charities, churches and private charities) in this area and examine the complicated social, economic, political, How cultural and ethnic relations shape the infant health policy in modern Hong Kong. At the same time, the article also examines the actual effect of infant health services by comparing the changes in the trend of infant mortality and non-Chinese infant mortality in China, and points out that the improvement of infant health also depends on the improvement of overall social and economic level.